chapter 9-11 test
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| 1st christian of record, martyered for his faith, stoned to death | Stephan
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| son of Zebedee, 1st apostle to meet a martyrs death, captured during reign of Herod Agrippa (beheaded) | James
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| preached in Asia, killed by Idol worshiping priest | philip
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| tax collector before christ's call; arrested in Ethiopia,nailed to ground and beheaded | Matthew
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| head of Church in Jerusalem, arrested under ananious, brought to top of temple, pushed off, broke legs, prayed for persecutors, clubbed his head | james the Less
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| replacement for Judas, sent to Ethiopia to preach, beheaded | Matthias
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| led wife of roman gov. to Lord, crucified on x shaped cross and preached to passer-bys for 3 days, | Andrew
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| arrested during 8 yrs of Nero, passover, hooked and dragged through city | Mark
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| crucified upside down | peter
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| beheaded during time of nero | Paul
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| Killed in persia, crucified | Jude
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| arrested by armenian king, beaten with rods, crucified upside down, filleted alive, beheaded withax | Bartholomew
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| arrested in india, tortured with red hot plates, cast in furnace but didn't burn, speared through in mouth of furnace | Thomas (doubting)
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| died in greece, 84 yrs old, hanged from olive tree | Luke
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| exiled on Isle of Patmos, died of natural causes, poisoned, caldron of boiling oil,wrote Revelation | John
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| canon of scripture completed, all 27 books of NT had been written | AD 100
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| Said "blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church" | Tertullian
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| 1st Persecution (burns rome, kills peter and paul) | Nero
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| 2nd Persecution (saw himself as God, exiled john to patmos) | Domitian
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| vast galleries beneath city of Rome that hid many Christians | catacombs
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| 3rd persecution | Trajan
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| Under him profession of Christianity became a capital crime | Trajan
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| martyrs under Trajan: -Now I can begin to be a disciple -Roman soldier wouldn't partake in pagan soldier rituals -burned at stake, wouldn't burn so stabbed to death, blood put out fire | Ignatius
Eustachius
Plycarp
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| 4th persecution | Marcus Aurelius
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| Martyrs under Marcus Aurelius: -scourged and beheaded -tortured, " I am a christian, among us no evil is done. | Justin Martyer
Blandina
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| 5th Persecution | Septimius Severus
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| 2 martyrs under Septimius Severus | Irenaeus
Perpetua and Felicitas
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| 6th persecution (2yrs severe) | Maximinus Thrax
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| 7th Persecution | Decius
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| required all inhabitants of empire to sacrifice to ancient gods and obtain certificates from roman gov. verifying that they had made the required sacrifice | Decius
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| martyrs under Decius: -boyfriend saves her, gets captured, she turns herself in and they both die -stretched in stack, christian philosopher from alexandria, mutilated and died later | Theodora
Origen
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| 8th persecution (captured later by Persian and used as footstool) martyr cyprian | Valerian
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| 9th persecution | Aurelian
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| 10th Persecution (worst) | Diocletion and co emperor Maximian
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| outlawed Christianity,killed Thebian Legion in Gaul after they wouldn't kill Christians | Diocletion
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| issued the ? AD 313 that extended legal protection and recognition to Christians throughout empire | Constantine
Edit of Milan
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| ante nicene fathers | ignatius, polycarp, papias
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| Phil 4:3 commended by Apostle Paul | clement of Rome
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| those who attempted to reasonably defend Christianity against pagan defamation | apologists
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| greatest of apologists, presented to Antonius Pius, one other one | Justin Martyr, Aristides
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| wrote ? - the 1st harmony of the Gospels, proving superiority of Christianity over greek philosophy | Tatian
Address to the Greeks
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| wrote "Against All Heresies" to go against Gnosticism | Irenaeus
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| contended against monarchianism (denied doc. of trinity) 1st to use term "trinity" | Tertullian
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| wrote 1st book of systematic theology in early church | Origen
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| Arian controversy (denied deity of Christ) Athanasian creed-addresses that Christ is God | Athanasius
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| completed common bible in peoples own tongue, latin vulgate | Jerome
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| greatest of church fathers, wrote Confessions (biography, and ? - the 1st systematic Christian philosophy of history | Augustine of hippo, City of God
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| Means I believe in Latin | Creed
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| under him, Christianity became the only legal faith, state religion of Roman Empire | Theodosius I
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| Importance of the Byzantine Empire | 1. time capsule
2. stopped Islam
3. Fell from neglect
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| divided Roman empire | Diocletian
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| converts to christian and movies capital to new rome | Constantine
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| time, permanent division under Theodosius | 395
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| takes empire to initial glory | Justinian 1
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| new capital (constantinouple) moved rome to byzantius by ? and named it new rome | Constantine
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| 1st great leader of the byzantine Empire, restores Roman glory to empire greatest achievement ? | Justinian
Roman Law -Justinian code
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| most magnificent church building of early middle ages and greatest achievement of byzantine architecture | Cathedral of Hagia Sophia
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| Justinian's gifted general | Belisarius
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| iconoclastic emperor(Iconoclastic controversy-image destroyer). beats back Arabs(Islam) great general responsible for saving Constantinople during the second siege | Leo III
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| a byzantine invention similar to a flamethrower | greek fire
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| abstract, simplified image or picture of Christ, mary or saint | Icon
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| led a restoration of Byzantium's power, pushed back muslims to asia minor | Basil I
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| conquered the Bulgar(slayer), Byzantine empire was at its greatest height since Justinian the great | Basil II
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| 1071- won major victory over byzantines at battle of manzikert | Seljuk Turks
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| 1204 Venetian's sack Constantinople | Fourth Crusade
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| the conqueror who defeats Constantinople, Fall of the Byzantine Empire, May 29, 1453 | Mohammed II
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| Last emperor of Byzantine | Constantine XI
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| Contributions of Byzantines | Roman Law, Paintings and Mosaics, greek orthodox church
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| Apostle to slavs, made the ? | Cyril, Cyrillic Alphabet
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| greatest contrib. preservation of the Greek new Test. | Byzantine text
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| declared that every church must agree with the church of Rome | Irenaeus
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| Irenaeus and other church leaders try to justify ground mastery of bishops over churches with this idea; Christ appoints apostles, apostles appoint biships successors appoint successors | Apostolic succession
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| Peter is 1st pope, founded church of Rome, (pope-latin for papa or father) | Petrine theory
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| Valentinian 3rd officially recognized him as supreme over the Roman Church, turned back Attila the Hun | Leo I
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| Issued doctrine of ? -separating civil and ecclesiastical authority and making the pope an the bishops supreme over all human rulers relating to God. | Pope Gelasius I two swords
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| 1st medieval pope | Gregory I
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| The idea that bread and wine is the real body of Christ in the hands of the priest | transubstantiation
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| means means of grace | sacraments
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| name for a roman church service | mass
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| withdrawing from society to live in solitude | monasticism
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| earliest monks living in wilderness in complete solitude | hermits
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| religious communities isolated form the rest of society | Monasteries
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| lived like other monks except that they preached and did missionary work outside the monasteries, 2 orders- the Franciscans and Dominicans | Friers
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| 1st great Frankish military and political, 498, loses battle of Tolbiac and professed his conversion to Christianity | Clovis
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| Do nothing kings, Clovis's descendents of rulers | Merovingian
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| chief official of the royal household, had the real ruling power | mayor of the palace
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| " the hammer" most famous mayor the palace, halted muslim (moors) invasion of Europe at 732 Battle of Tours, victories prevented weastern europe from being swallowed up in a muslim empire | Charles Martel
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| king of franks, starting Carolingian line of Frankish kings, Church went from legitimizing ruler to choosing one, fights Lombards, donation of papal states - giving land to church | Pepin the Short
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| defeats saxons, christmas day AD 800- became Charles Augustus, emperor of the Romans (church is now making emperors) | Charlemagne
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| means the kings envoys, judges | Missi dominici
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| became basis for modern handwriting styles as well as the roman typeface | Carolingian miniscule
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| after the death of Louis the Pious (Charlemagne's son, 843 - ? sets the stage for modern Europe (France and Germany (divided empire into parts | Treaty of verdun
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| begins the saxon line of kings | henry the Fowler
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| 1st holy roman emperor (lay investure), crowned in 962 | Otto the Great
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| emperors and kings to choose biships and other church officials | lay investure
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| started Salian line of kings | Henry IV
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| Hohenstaufen line, coined title holy roman empire | Frederic Barbarossa I
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| single most powerful institution in western Europe | papacy
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| monk adviser of Nicholas II, prohibited custom of lay investiture | Gregory 7th (monk name - Hildebrand)
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| under him papacy allowed the zenith of its power of influence, Fourth Lateran council (transubstantiation)Holy office of Inquisition- Power to inquire and judge matters of heresy | Innocent III
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