Ch.10 Mesopotamia, Egypt, Ancient Near East and Ch.2 Commodite (Function)
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| Roth says the word function is too limited and we need other words to describe different kinds of function. what are those 2 words? | circulatory function or acoustical function
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| Who wrote the epigraph saying the 3 fundamental elements of architecture | Vitruvius
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| The opera house in Paris by Charles Garnier describes what kind of function? | circulatory function - to facilitate and accommodate movement throughout the space
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| architecture is more than functional utility. what does Roth say it is? | the vessel that inescapably shapes human life
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| The geography of Egypt and Mesopotamia are very different. what is the main difference | The Nile is predictable every year and the Tigris/Euphrates Rives is unpredictable
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| Mesopotamians used what distinctive building material | Bitumen or asphalt
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| the most important legacy of Mesopotamia is what? | concepts of civil life and the rule of law
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| even when Mesopotamian buildings were sponsored by kings they still embodied what? | public communal purpose
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| what did Egyptians call their river? | a word meaning black
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| to the Egyptians, things were never as good as they were at what time? | the time of Creation
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| What did King Menes do? | unite upper and lower Egypt. he is not the founder of the Old Kingdom however
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| what are the seasons of Egypt? | Inundation, emergence of the fields from the water, and drought
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| what distinguishes Egyptian architecture over the years | the deliberate resistance to change
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| Who built the Great Pyramids at Giza | willing laborers
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| when were the great pyramids plundered | by the time of the Middle Kingdom
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| Egyptian Temples were more than places of worship what other purpose did they serve? | home and training grounds for administration that ran Egypt.
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| who designed Temple of Hatshepsut? | Senmut
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| what unique item did temple of hatshepsut have in it that she got from land of punt | myrrh trees
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| Describe plan of artisan house at Deir el Medina | reception room w/ shrine of household god Bes-main room w/ palm tree-small bedroom- kitchen-cellar
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| Basic elements of architectural design | Utility, Firmness, Beauty
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| 2nd fundamental triad of architecture | Client, architect, builders
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| Definition of function | pragmatic utility of an object
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| beauty automatically results from what? | function
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| all purpose space | a building can be used as anything
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| utilitarian function | every room has a distinct purpose
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| circulatory function | space should facilitate movement easily through the space
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| symbolic function | the buildings appearance should follow its function
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| how does one achieve symbolic function | invent original forms, devise appropriate new symbolic representations for the functions that the structure houses
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| psychological and physiological functions | designing based on a feeling you want building or room to have
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| where is the first place people began raising their food | Ancient Near east
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| what major things were invented in ancient near east? | the wheel, money, writing
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| What are the 4 locations of the ancient near east | Palestine (Israel), Anatolia (Turkey), Mesopotamia (Iraq), Persia (iran)
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| What is the fertile crescent | Top of Nile through Mediterranean sea down to bottom of Tigris and Euphrates river
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| What civilizations are northern mesopotamia | Assyria, Persia
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| what civilizations are in southern mesopotamia | Sumer, Babylonia
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| 2 major natural resources in southern mesopotamia | mud and asphalt or bitumen
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| what building materials are found in mesopotamia | mud, bitumen, fired brick, sun dried brick
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| what material are the walls of Babylon made of? | fired brick
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| what are the 2 special qualities of fired brick that stone does not have | prefabricate it - make it beforehand. lighter than stone.
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| What 4 great cities arose in Ancient world? what do they have in common | Mesopotamia. Egypt. China. Pakistan and India. All arose on rivers
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| What are the 8 collectibles that we want to see throughout ancient near east buildings | 1.city 2.wall 3.fired brick 4.4 sided building 5.portal with 2 towers and an arch 6.guardian animals 7.temple 8.palace
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| purpose of ziggurat | elevate temple to provide a link between human realm and heavenly realm of the gods
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| what writing form did sumerians develop | cuneiform
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| what civilization overran sumerians | akkadians
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| what was most significant change of akkadian period | toward a strong priestly class and rule by a single warrior king
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| during which civilization did ziggurat construction expand | neo-sumerian
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| what is the statue of Gudea holding , why is it relevant? | a plaque with the inscribed plan of a building. comparing it to Zigguat of Nannar, did not weather away because it had thick outer walls
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| who was neo-babylonia restored by and what civilization took over | Nebuchadnezzar II and took over Assyrians
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| describe Hanging gardens, what culture is it from? | Neo-Babylonia. ziggurat like arched structure supporting terraces heavily planted with trees. water plants using euphrates river. made with fired brick and bitumen
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| What is the influence of ancient Mesopotamian cultures | concepts of civil life and rule of law. writing, wheel, tragic poignancy of human existence.
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| Sumerians invented what cultural patterns that have lasted thousands of years? [thesis] | architectural patterns, writing (cuneiform), cities, ziggurat, wheeled vehicle
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| What is the 2nd historical pattern and change made by Sumerians? | change from city-states governed by temples to empires in the hands of a ruler who claimed divine power aka Divine Right of Kings
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| what civilization do we usually compare Mesopotamia with | Egypt
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| where is the birthplace of fired brick | southern mesopotamia
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| What year was Sumerians in power? Semites? | Sumerian: 3500 BC-2000 BC. Semites: 2000 BC-500 BC
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| what are the parts of the Ziggurat of Uranamu | ziggurat. courtyard. broad room plan (babylonian plan)
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| What is a broad room plan or babylonian plan | walk in wide space and straight ahead is throne
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| law code of Hammurabi was written using what? what civilization | cuneiform. Babylon. received his power from the gods
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| In Israel and Judah how many temples were there and which one was the greatest? [thesis] | 3 temples, 1st one was greatest
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| What is the vast impact of the Hebrews based on? [thesis] | Ideas and thoughts, not buildings nor artifacts
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| First Temple (who built it, what is it used for, where is it, date) | King Solomon, major Hebrew shrine-symbol of major Jewish culture, Jerusalem Israel, M10C BC
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| What were the 2 columns called on the front of King Solomon's first temple? | Boaz (means in its strength) and Jaken (means he shall establish)
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| Where can we see a description of King Solomon's temple? | Holy Bible, Kings 6-7
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| Who are semites? | Arabic or Hebrew people. came after Sumerians. the Akkadians, Hittites, Babylonians
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| what are keruvims? where can they be found | Fantastic winged creatures found on King Solomon's temple 1
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| what civilization does King Sargon II belong to? | Assyria
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| Where is King Sargon's Palace located? | Located in Dur-Sharrukin, Khorsabad, Iraq
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| what is palace of king sargon used for? | government office building. ziggurat is on side of it so that religion enforces king's power
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| what civilization does King Solomon belong to? | Israel and Judah
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| syrian arch | Assyrian Arch that is resting on Lamasus or good demon. comes from Hittite Empire -Lion Gate at Hattusas, Turkey
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| Lamasus | Assyrian. good demon, human headed bulls or lions. put monsters on doorways to ward off evil
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| Plaque of Ashurbanipal at Nineveh, Iraq shows an example of what? | Dining while reclining.
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| Nebuchadnezzar is a part of what civilization? | Neo-Babylonia
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| Describe streets of Babylon inside Ishtar gate | Urban design, wide straight roads, Euphrates river travels through area
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| what is Mushshushu, where is it located? | furious serpent decorated on walls of Babylon on Temple of Marduk
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| 3 basic patterns on Babylon walls | 1. representations of Real animals and monsters 2. Heraldic symmetry (face to face, butt to butt) 3. infinite stretchability
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| Darius and Xerxes are rulers of what civilization? | Persians
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| twice in the near east we see nomadic people quickly turn into what? what 2 civilizations [thesis] | Thriving civilization, suddenly created an empire and achieve monumental architecture. Persians and 7th c Islamic architecture
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| what is persepolis | city of Persia, Iran. capital city
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| The winged bulls carved on stone in Persian empire were inspired by who? what is the difference between the two? | Assyrians, except persians had 4 legs and assyrians had 5 legs
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| What 2 architectural elements are uniquely Persian? | Hall of 100 columns and post and lintel construction with bulls heads atop facing away from each other
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| What direction does Nile flow | south to north
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| 2 great determinants of Egyptian culture | Nile and the Sun
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| What kind of materials do Egyptians have | rich in natural resources and every kind of mineral. colorful stones
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| why were egyptians rarely invaded? what impact did that have? | protected on east and west by desert. people were very secure and prosperous, they believed in life after death
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| What side of the Nile did Egyptians live? bury the dead? [thesis] | East-living West-dead
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| Ka | our spiritual twin. separate from us in life, at death Ka would be reunited with the body to survive. Needed food and drink and a statue to survive
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| Ba | occurs when Ka reunites with the body. leaves the tomb and travels by day. at night returns to body
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| Akh | lived in the sky (realm of the gods)
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| All Egyptian tombs have what? | underground burial chamber, on top could be a superstructure to protect corpse
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| what are the 2 functions of egyptian tombs [thesis] | protect the body, make a way for spirit to get offerings
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| what does mastaba mean | arab word for bench
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| purpose of mastaba | served to protect the body and make a way for spirit to get offerings
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| serdab | place where Ka statue is located
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| What is on the relief picture at the Tomb of Ti and Nefer-Hetep-Es | Ti going hippo hunting on the Nile. hippos are very dangerous. made out of papyrus
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| where does the Ka go to get nourishment | False doors, can give literal food, a list of food, or an image like on Ti's tomb
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| 3 basic kinds of rock | Igneous-granite, disintegrate into sediments, Sedimentary-limestone, fragile can be pressurized into marble, Metamorphic-marble
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| Pyramid of Zoser emerged from what? [thesis] | mastaba, 1st egyptian pyramid to grow from mastaba
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| what architectural structure marks the turning point towards fine architecture? [thesis] | Stepped Pyramid of Zoser
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| architect of stepped pyramid of zoser | Imhotep
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| Stepped pyramid of zoser marks turning point of what? [hint: materials] | soft materials--> hard materials
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| what is heb-sed | one man olympic ceremony to prove that Zoser could continue to rule. located on right side of Stepped pyramid of zoser
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| what are the 5 features of old kingdom pyramid | 1.pyramid 2.walled courtyard 3. temple at eastern base of pyramid 4. causeway 5. valley temple-body of king is deposited here before taken to tomb
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| Pyramids of Giza- 3 kings | Khufu, Khafre, Menkare
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| what materials was on the tip of the pyramids of giza | limestone and sometimes gold
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| which pyramid at Giza was capped with gold | Khufu
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| What alteration did they make to the inside of Khufu's pyramid? | raised burial chamber 3x so it is now in the middle of the pyramid. Ba can now move about in the day
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| What are the comparisons of the american dollar to pyramids of giza and egypt in general | the eye symbolizes that God is looking down on us favorably-divine right of kings. also illuminates in the light just like the gold tip of Khufu's pyramid
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| what is purpose of the great sphinx of giza | guard city of the dead -necropolis
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| what replaced mastabas in middle kingdom of Egypt ? [thesis] | rock cut tombs
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| What temple is the most sophisticated achievement of Egyptian architecture [thesis] | Temple of Hatsepshut
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| What do you see on plaster cast from part of a wall on temple of hatshepsut | see Hatsepshut's journey to Land of Punt, carrying myrrh trees back to her temple
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