Nutrition
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| Feeds | What are analyzed for nutrient composition and nutrient composition values for common feeds?
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| energy, protein, and mineral content | What do most feed tables report values of?
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| Total digestible nutrients (TND) | what does determining mount of crude protein, crude fiber, carbohydrates, and fat derive?
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| Gross energy | What is determined from burning a feed sample to release and quantify the energy content?
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| Fecal energy | energy not taken into the body
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| Heat Increment | heat lost from the meal
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| Crude Protein (CP) Content | estimate of total protein in feed
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| 53%C,7%H,23%O,16%N,and <1% S or P | What does the average protein contain?
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| quality and quantity of amino acids that make up the protein | What is the true indicator of a nutritionally adequate diet?
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| It allows conversion of its nutrient content from as-fed basis to dry-matter basis and vice versa which helps balance diets for different nutrients | Why is knowing the amount of moisture in a feed important?
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| Roughages | low in TDN and high in fiber (>18% CF)
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| Concentrates | high in TDN and low in fiber (</=18% CF)
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| Roughages | What consists primarily of forages (such as hays and silages) and fibrous portions of plants whose seeds are concentrates (such as corn cobs, oat hulls)?
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| Legumes | What are higher in protein and calcium than grasses?
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| Concentrates | What consists primarily of seeds of plants and animal products?
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| Grains | high in TDN, low in protein, most of them are palatable;include corn, oats,wheat,and rice
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| Grain by-products | tend to be higher in protein than whole grains
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| Fats and Oils | also known as lipids; used most often in diets for fast growing or high performance animals;includes animal fats and plant oils
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| Plant proteins | important ones are soybean meal, cottonseed meal and flaxseed meal; oil is extracted from these seeds for human use
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| Animal proteins | important ones are meat and bone meal, dried milk products, fish meal;high in protein, medium in TDN, and low in fiber
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| Mineral Supplements | Ca source only - ground limestone, oyster shells;Ca and P sources, bone meal; salt-supplying NaCl; trace minerals-trace mineral premix formulated for each specific species of animals
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| Vitamin supplements | generally available as vitamin premixes or incorporated into complete supplements that include minerals as well
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| Additives | includes antibiotics or other medications(fight diseases),feed intake regulators, flavoring agents, probiotics, prebiotics, growth modifiers, functional foods etc.; usually have no nutrient value but can influence nutrient utilizaiton and growth rate
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| Abomasum | true glandular stomach in the ruminant
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| Ad libitum | having fed available at all times
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| Ash | incombustible residue remaining after complete combustion at 500-600 degrees C of a sample, such as feed, animal tissue, or excreta, to remove the organic matter; considered to be mineral matter of feed
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| Bolus | a rounded mass that is ready to swallow; on the ruminant, a bolus may stay intact and be regurgitated to be remasticated during rumination
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| Carbohydrates | chemically defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones, or substances that can be hydrolyzed to them
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| Carnivore | animals that eat meat
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| Cellulose | carbohydrate composed of thousands of glucose molecules that forms the support structure of plants
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| Chyme | mixture of food, saliva, and gastric secretions as it is ready to leave the stomach and move into the duodenum
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| Coprophagy | eating feces
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| Creep | area where young nursing animals can have access to starter feeds; creep feeds are generally high-quality feds made available to young animals
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| Crude Fiber | in proximate analysis, the insoluble carbohydrates remaining in a feed after boiling in acid and alkali
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| Crude protein | estimate of protein content obtained by multiplying the nitrogen content of a substance by a factor, usually 6.25; both true protein and nonprotein nitrogen is included in the calculation
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| Deglutition | act of swallowing; passing material from mouth through the esophagus to the stomach or first fermentation compartment
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| Diet | all of the feeds consumed by an animal (including water)
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| Digestibility | measure of the degree to which a feedstuff can be chemically simplified and absorbed by the digestive system of the body
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| Digestion | physical, chemical, and enzymatic means the body uses to render a feedstuff ready for absorption
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| Dry Matter | everything in a feed other than water
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| Enzymes | proteins capable of catalyzing reactions associated with a specific substrate
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| Eructation | belching; removing gas from rumen via esophagus
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| Ether extract | portion of a sample that is removed by extraction with a fat solvent such as ethyl ether
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| Feed efficiency | product (grain, milk, eggs, and so on) per unit of feed
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| Forage | fiber-containing feeds like grass or hay; can be grazed or harvested for feeding; contain at least 18% fiber but have high digestible energy
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| Growth | process of adding tissues similar to those already present in the body to increase the size of an organism toward the goal of maturity when growth stops
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| Herbivore | animals that eat diet of only plant material
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| Lignin | polymers of phenolic acids found in plants as part of the structural components of the plant
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| Maintenance | nutritional needs of the animal exclusive of those required for a productive function such as growth, work, milk production, and so on
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| Mastication | process of chewing
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| Minerals | in nutrition, specific set of inorganic elements established as necessary for life in one or more animal species
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| Monogastric | having only one stomach
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| Nitrogen-free extract | (NFE) measure of readily available carbohydrates calculated by subtracting all measured proximate components from 100
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| Nutrient | chemical substance that provides nourishment to the body
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| Omnivore | animals that eat both plant and animal based foods
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| Peristalsis | progressive, squeezing movements produced by contraction of muscle fibers in the wall of the digestive tract
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| Protein quality | measure of the presence and digestibility of the essential amino acids in a feedstuff
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| Ration | specific feed allotment given to an animal in a 24-hour period
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| Roughage | a bulky feedstuff with low weight per unit volume; contains at least 18% fiber but can range up to 50%; less digestible than forages
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| Ruminant | hooved animals that have a rumen and chew their cud
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| Rumination | process in ruminants where a cud or bolus of rumen contents is regurgitated, remasticatedm and reswallowed for further digestion
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| Salivation | elaboration of the mixed secretion (saliva) produced primarily in three bilateral pairs of glands in the mouth known as salivary glands
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| Symbiosis | relationship in which two dissimilar organisms live together or in close association
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| Vitamin | term that is used to group together a dissimilar set of organic substances required in very small quantities by the body
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| Work | physical exertion as a production function
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| Adipose | fat cells or fat tissue
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| As Fed | refers to feeding feeds that contain their normal amount of moisture
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| By-product | product of considerably less value than the main product
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| Essential nutrient | nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient quantities to meet requirements an must be supplied in the diet
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| Non-nutritive Feed Additive | ingredient added to a diet to perform a specific role other than supplying nutrients; Ex: flavoring, antibiotics
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| Fermentation | anaerobic metabolic process that converts sugars to acids, gases, and/or alcohol using yeast or bacteria
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| Regurgitation | process by which partially digested feed is cast up to the mouth as a normal part of digestion
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| Silage | forage or other plant material such as corn fodder that is preserved by fermentation; similar to pickled food for humans
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| Volatile Fatty Acids (VTAs) | group of short-chain fatty acids produced by microbes in the rumen; examples include acetic, proprionic, and butyric acids
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