Infectious Process
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| Examples of modes of transmissions (1) | Direct- light handle drops into open wound.
Indirect- bioburden on gloves contaminates equipment that is handled by ungloved person who rubs eyes.
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| Asepsis | Absence of pathogenic microorganisms
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| Aseptic principles | principles applied through use of sterile techniques to prevent microbial contamination of the surgical environment
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| Bacteriocidal | substance that destroys/kills bacteria
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| Bacteriostatic | substance that inhibits the growth and reproduction of bacteria
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| Examples of modes of transmission (2) | Droplet- Infection spread through the air by droplets spread by sneezing, couching or talking.
Airborne spread- infection spread though the air by sneezing droplets
Common Vechicle Spread- vector borne
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| Bioburden | the number of microbes or amount of organic debris on an object at any given time
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| Contamination | the presence of pathogenic materials
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| Cross-contamination | the contamination of a person or object by another
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| decontamination | to reduce to an irreducible minimum the presence of pathogenic material
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| Disinfectant | chemical agent that kills most microbes, but usually not spores; usually used on inanimate objects because these compounds are too strong to be used on living tissue
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| Event-related sterility | sterility determined by how a package is handled rather than time elapsed; a package is considered sterile until opened or the integrity of packaging material is damaged
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| Fomite | inanimate object that harbors microorganisms
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| Fungicide | agent that destroys fungus
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| Infection | invasion of the human body or tissue by pathogenic microorganisms that reproduce and multiply, causing disease
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| Nosocomial | infection acquired within a health care facility
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| Pathogen | any microbe capable of causing disease
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| Resident flora | microbes that normally reside below the skin surface or within the body
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| Sepsis | infection, usually accompanied by fever, that results from the presence of pathogenic mircoorganisms
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| spore | a resistant form of certain types of bacteria that are able to survive in adverse conditions
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| sproricide | substance that kills/destroys bacteria in the spore stage
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| sterile field | specified area, usually the area immediately around the patient, that is considered free of microorganisms
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| sterile technique | techniques of creating a sterile field and performing within the sterile field to keep microbes at an irreducible minimum
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| strike-through contamination | contamination of a sterile field that occurs through the passage of fluid through, or a puncture in, a microbial barrier
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| surgically clean | mechanically cleaned and chemically disinfected but not sterile
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| terminal disinfection | to render items safe to handle by high-level disinfection
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| terminal sterilization | to render items safe to handle by sterilization
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| transient flora | microbes that reside on the skin surface and are easily removed
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| vector | living carrier that transmits disease
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| virucide | agent that destroys viruses
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| Risk factors that increase SSI's | age, obesity, carries of staph A or MRSA, general health, remote infections, preexisting illness, preoperative hospitalization
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| disease | abnormal state in which all or part of the body does not function correctly
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| etiology | cause or origin of the disease
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| idiopathic | self-originating/without known cause
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| incidence | range of occurrence and tendency to affect certain groups (ex. gender, geographical location)
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| acute | severe but usually short lasting
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| chronic | less severe but long lasting or recurring
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| subacute | less severe than acute and/or not as long as chronic
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| communicable | can be transmitted from one indiviaual to another
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| epidemic | affects many people in the same region at the same time
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| endemic | continuously affects some people in a particular region
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| pandemic | prevalent throughout an entire country, continent, or the world
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| community acquired infection | an infection contracted outside of a health care setting or an infection present on admission.
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| diagnosis | conclusion as to the nature of the disease
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| symptoms | conditions noted by the patient (subjective)
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| signs | conditions noted by the health care provider (objective)
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| tests | factual information concerning the patient (ex. lab studies, diagnostic images)
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| syndrome | a group of signs and symptoms that accompany a particular disease
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| prognosis | prediction of the probable outcome of the disease (based on the condition of the patient and the expectant course of the disease)
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| pathogenesis | development of a disease due to a pathologic, physiologic, biochemical, or biomechanical mechanism
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| classic signs of inflammation | pain
heat
redness
swelling
loss of function
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| classic systemic sign of infammation | FEVER
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| Immunity | power of an individual to resist or overcome the effects of a particular disease( final line of defense)
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| Critical Items | items that will be used for invasive procedures or vascular access and carry a high potential for causing SSI's include: surgical instruments, devices that enter the vascular or urinary systems, implantable items
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| Semi-critical items | items that come into contact with mucous membranes or non-intact skin carry a lesser risk of infection due to the properties of resistance of intact mucosal linings to many commonly encountered bacterial spores. ex. laryngoscopes, anesthesia
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| non-critical items | items that come into contact with a pt's intact skin and clean environmental equipment items pose that least risk of infection. ex. blood pressure cuff, pulse ox, or transport stretchers
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| disinfection | destruction of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins or vectors by direct exposure to chemical or physical agents
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| antisepsis | a process in which most buy not all microorganisms located on animate surfaces, such as the skin, are destroyed
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| antispetic | name used to describe the solutions that are used by the sterile surgical team members to perform the surgical scrub and are used on the pt for skin preparation of the surgical site
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| sterilization | destruction of all microorganisms in or about an object with steam, including spores on inanimate surfaces
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