Endocrine
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| gastrin | stimulates production of hydrochloric acid
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| negative feedback of PTH means that | its secreted in response to low levels of calcium in blood
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| atriopeptin | increases loss of sodium and water in urine
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| prostaglandins | stimulated by injury. Potent chemical regulators, hormone-like substances. Implicated by menstrual cramps, premature labor
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| goiter | enlarged thyroid gland
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| steroids | sex hormones and adrenal cortex
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| pituitary gland | small, round, attached to a stalk at the base of the brain (hypophysis) or (master gland)
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| adrenal glands | lies above each kidney, aka suprarenal glands
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| pineal gland | pine cone shaped and attached to posterior part of the brain, aka pineal body
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| islets of langerhans | clusters of cells in the pancreas that secrete glucagon and insulin
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| what gland supplies hormones that act directly on cells or stimulate other glands that govern numerous vital processes | pituitary gland
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| cortico | cortex
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| hypophyso | pituitary gland
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| tropo | to stimulate
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| -physis | growth
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| -tropic | stimulating
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| -tropin | that which stimulates
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| ADH, STH, MSH | stand for pituitary hormones
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| LH in males is also called? | ICSH, interstitial cell stimulating hormone
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| the hypothalamus synthesizes two hormones that are stored in the neurohypophysis | Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
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| diuresis | passage of large amounts of urine
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| the hypothalamus regulates the ( ) by producing regulatory and inhibitory hormones | andenohypophysis
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| regulatory and inhibitory hormones stimulate or inhibit the | adenohypophysis
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| somato/tropic hormone | growth hormone
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| melanin | black or dark brown pigment
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| follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone are produced by? | adenohypophysis
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| hypo/physis | grows under the cerebrum
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| FSH and LH are | gonadotrophins
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| FSH | stimulates the ovaries and testes
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| LH in females stimulate | ovulation and production of progesterone
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| LH in males promotes | growth of interstitial cells of the testes and secretion of testosterone
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| LH in males is often called | interstitial cell stimulating hormone
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| thyroid stimulating hormone | aka thyropin, produce thyroid hormones
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| thyroxine T4 | tetra/iodo/thyro/nine, contains 4 atoms of iodine
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| thyro/calcitonin | aka calcitonin, involved in the homeostasis of blood calcium level
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| adrenal gland has two parts | cortex and medulla
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| the cortex is stimulated by | adrenocorticotropin hormone
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| mineralo/corticoids | maintain water balance
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| gluco/corticoids | increase blood glucose
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| melatonin | secreted by pineal gland, its release is stimulated by darkness
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| adrenal medulla secretes | epinephrine and norepinephrine
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| concentration of glucose in the blood is an example of | negative feedback system
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| glucagon | increase blood sugar levels
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| negative feedback of PTH means that it is secreted in response to low levels of | calcium in the blood
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| PTH has the ( ) effect, or is antagonistic , to calcitonin secreted by the thyroid gland | oposite
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| goiter | enlarged thyroid, swelling in the neck
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| blood test to study pancreatic function include | fasting blood sugar, glycosylated hemoglobin, and glucose tolerance test
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| glycosylated hemoglobin | represent average blood glucose levels over the previous 3 or 4 months
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| what are the products of abnormal use of fat in the body (as in diabetes)? | ketones
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| disorders of the posterior lobe of the pituitary are usually related to a deficiency or excess of | ADH, anti diuretic hormone
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| diabetes insipidus | deficiency of ADH or inability of the kidneys to respond to ADH
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| diabetes mellitus | insufficient or improper use of insulin
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| a life threatening form of graves disease is | thyroid storm aka thyrotoxicosis
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| hypothyroidism in childhood | cretinism
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| myxedema | severe form of adult hypothyroidism, severe swelling and facial puffiness
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| malnutrition, and wasting , caused by hypo secretion of the pituitary glad in adults | pituitary cachexia
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| hyperparathyroidism causes | hypercalcemia
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| hirsutism | excessive growth of hair
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| hypo secretion of epinephrine produces no effect, hyper secretion, usually from a tumor puts the body in a prolonged ... | fight or flight mode
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| hypo secretion fo the adrenal cortex in which all three classes of adrenal corticosteroids are reduced leads to | Addison disease
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| Addison disease | life threatening, dehydration, low blood glucose levels and bronzing of the skin
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| deficiency of insulin secretion by the pancreas is a characteristic of what to disorders? | pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer
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| hyperglycemia causes fluid electrolyte imbalances resulting in | polyphagia, polyuria, and polydipsia
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| type 1 diabetes mellitus | genetic, absolute insulin deficiency
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| type 2 diabetes mellitus | insulin resistance
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| diabetic nephro/pathy | damage to small vessels of kidneys and is the leading cause of end stage renal disease
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| diabetic retino/pathy | disorder of the retinal blood vessels of the eye that can lead to blindness
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| peripheral vascular disease can lead to | amputation
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| mastitis is an inflammatory condition of the breast that occurs most frequently in? | lactating women
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| the most common cause of hypopituitarism is | pituitary tumor
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| type 1 diabetes is controlled by ( ) and type 2 diabetes is controlled by ( ) | insulin, exercise
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| mastopexy is performed to correct a | pendulous breast (also called breast lift)
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| lumpectomy | excision of a tumor
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| mast/ectomy | removal of the breast
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| only breast tissue is removed in a mastectomy, whereas axillary lymph nodes and muscles of the chest are removed in | radical mastectomy
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| mammoplasty | surgical reshaping of the breasts
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| augmentation mammoplasty | increases the size of the breasts
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