Geology 1090 Final
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| geocentric model of earth | all celestial bodies revolve around earth
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| heliocentric model of earth | sun is center; earth rotates on axis around sun
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| doppler effect | approaching object has higher pitch than when it is moving away; sound waves "chasing it"; light moving toward viewer is compressed (blue), moving away is expanded (red); universe is all red
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| formation of light elements by fusion | hydrogen formed, then bonded to create light elements
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| formation of heavy elements in supernovae | mass compacted & rotated; heated up; h2 fused to helium; becomes giant; heavy elements created
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| magnetic field | distorted by solar winds
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| inclination | curving magnetic field lines cause compass to tilt toward or away from Earth's surface
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| declination | difference between magnetic north and true north
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| atmosphere composition | 78% oxygen; 20% oxygen; 1% other gases
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| pressure changes in atmosphere | molecules denser at base; pressure decrease upward
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| crust: (c/p, composition, thickness) | chemical layer; oceanic: 70% silicon, ~35 km; continental: 50& oxygen, ~7 km;
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| mantle: (c/p, composition, thickness) | chemical layer; high iron and magnesium; ~2900 km
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| core: (c/p, composition, thickness) | chemical layer; high iron and nickel; ~6371 km
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| lithosphere: (c/p, state, thickness) | physical layer; solid; ~100 km
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| asthenosphere: (c/p, state, thickness) | physical layer; plastic; ~350 km
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| mesosphere: (c/p, state, thickness) | physical layer; solid; ~2900 km
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| outer core: (c/p, state) | physical layer; liquid
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| inner core: (c/p, state, thickness) | physical layer; solid; ~5150 km
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| order of chemical layers | crust -> mantle -> core
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| order of physical layers | lithosphere -> asthenosphere -> mesosphere -> outer core -> inner core
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| Wegener: fit of continents | continents all fit together
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| Wegener: glacial evidence | distribution of Permian glacial deposits and striations fit together in region that used to occupy polar South cap
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| Wegener: fossil evidence | fossil evidence occurs all across southern continents
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| Wegener: mountain belt evidence | distinctive belts of rock match up when Atlantic removed
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| Wegener: paleoclimate evidence | rocks preserve evidence of climate belts; belts align in sensible manner when Pangaea is together
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| mineral | naturally occurring, mostly inorganic crystalline solids formed by geologic processes and with a definite chemical composition
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| silica tetrahedral | building block of silicate minerals
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| bowen's reaction series | OPAB CR--SR
(OMQ)
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| aphanitic | small crystals, cool fast
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| phaneritic | big crystals, cool slow
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| pyroclastic | bits and pieces
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| glass | cool so fast no crystals form
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| vesicular | gases migrate and leave bubble trains
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| felsic | high silica, lighter
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| mafic | magnesium/iron, darker
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| decompressional melting | a hot rock at high pressure moved to a shallower crustal level the decrease in pressure may cause rock to melt
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| clastic class | loose rock fragments cemented together
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| biochemical class | cemented shells and organisms
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| chemical class | minerals the crystallize directly from water
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| organic | carbon-rich remains of organisms
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| grain size | as transport distance increases, size decreases
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| sorting of sedimentary | better sorted, transport longer
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| grain shape | more spherical, transport longer
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| asymmetric ripples | flow in one direction
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| symmetrical ripples | back and forth swash; occur near shores
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| mudcracks | indicate alternate wet and dry conditions
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| burial metamorphism | deep burial in a basin
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| dynamic metamorphism | shearing in a fault zone
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| regional metamorphism | P and T change due to structural deformation
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| hydrothermal metamorphism | alteration by hot water
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| subduction metamorphism | P and T alteration
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| shock | extreme P from an impact
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| elastic rebound | stress build up and cause rock adjacent to fault to ben elastically until slip occurs
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| moment magnitude scale | most accurate; measures: amount of slip, length of fault that slips, strength of rock that slips
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| richter scale | measures amplitude of largest wave 100 km from epicenter
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| mercalli intensity scale | assess damage and perceptions
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| peaceful volcanoes (chemistry, viscosity, gas content) | basaltic -50% SiO2; low viscosity; low gas
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| middle explosive volcanoes (chemistry, viscosity, gas content) | andesitic -60% SiO2; intermediate viscosity & gas
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| very explosive volcanoes (chemistry, viscosity, gas content) | rhyolitic -70% SiO2; high viscosity; high gas
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| oblique-slip faults | diagonal sliding
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| dip-slip faults | movement parallel to dip line; rifting
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| strike-slip faults | slip parallel to strike line, no up or down, vertical dip; transform boundaries
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| ductile deformation | change shape w/o breaking; warm, high pressure, slow change
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| brittle deformation | cracking and breaking; cold, sudden
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