Terminology of the Female Reproductive System
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| abruptio placentae | complete or partial separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before the third stage of labor
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| acid phosphatase | enzyme from prostate gland found in semen, presence in vagina indicates sexual intercourse
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| adnexa | conjoined, subordinate, or associated anatomic parts
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| alpha fetoprotein | a serum protein produced during pregnancy, useful in the prenatal diagnosis of multiple births or birth defects
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| Apgar score | procedure that assigns a score to a newborn after birth to assess heart rate, respiratory rate, muscle tone, response to stimulation and skin color
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| areola (pl. areolae) | the pigmented area around the nipple
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| Bartholin glands | either of two small, oval, mucus-secreting glands, one on each side of the base of the vagina
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| Braxton Hicks | uterine contractions during the last trimester of pregnancy to strengthen itself in preparation for childbirth
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| breech | a fetus that is presented at the uterine cervix buttocks or legs first
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| cerclage | procedure to place a purse-string suture around the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely
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| cervix | the neck of the uterus
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| cesarean section | procedure to deliver a fetus through an incision in the abdominal wall and uterus
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| chorion | the outermost membrane around the embryo
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| cilia (sing. cilium) | a minute short hairlike process often forming part of a fringe
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| climacteric | a period of life characterized by physiological and psychic change that marks the end of the reproductive capacity of women and terminates with the completion of menopause.
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| clitoris | the organ of sexual response in the female
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| colostrums | the first thick, yellowish milk from the breasts after childbirth
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| contraception | intentional prevention of conception or impregnation through the use of various devices, agents, drugs, sexual practices, or surgical procedures
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| corpus | the main part of a bodily structure or organ
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| corpus luteum | the ruptured ovarian follicle that has filled with fat
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| curet (also curette) | a scoop-shaped surgical instrument for removing tissue from body cavities, as the uterus.
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| descensus | Latin for “falling from a higher position”
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| elective | beneficial to the patient but not essential for survival
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| gestational diabetes mellitus | temporary disorder of glucose metabolism during pregnancy
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| disproportion | out of proportion, as a baby with a large skull and a mother with a small pelvis
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| dysfunctional | not functioning normally
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| eclampsia | a severe disorder of pregnancy with increased blood pressure, edema, weight gain and protein in the urine, can be fatal
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| embryo | a fertilized human egg after 4 days of development through the 8th week of development
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| exfoliative | coming off in scales, as scaling skin or any structure separating in flakes
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| fetus | a human embryo after 8 weeks of development
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| fimbriae (sing. fimbria) | moving, fingerlike projections at the end of the uterine (fallopian) tube
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| follicle | a small bodily cavity or sac
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| fontanel | any of the soft membranous gaps between the incompletely formed cranial bones of a fetus or an infant. (Also “soft spot”)
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| fornix | an anatomical arch or fold
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| fundus | the base of an organ or the part farthest away from its opening
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| gamete | a mature ovum
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| gene | a hereditary unit on a chromosome, determines a particular characteristic in an organism, and is capable of replicating itself at each cell division.
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| genitalia | the organs of the reproductive system (Latin for “pertaining to generation and birth”)
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| gravida | Latin for “pregnant woman” or “pregnancy”
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| hydatidiform mole | an abnormal mass in the uterus
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| hymen | fold of mucous membrane partly or wholly closing the orifice of the vagina
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| in situ | in the natural or original position or place; in situ cancer - confined to the breast duct
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| in utero | still within the uterus
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| in vitro | outside the living body and in an artificial environment of cells
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| incompetent | unable to function properly
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| inertia | lack of activity or movement —used especially of the uterus in labor when its contractions are weak or irregular
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| infundibulum | the funnel-shaped part of the uterine (fallopian) tube
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| introitus | the orifice of a body cavity, especially the vaginal opening (Latin for “entrance”)
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| jaundice | yellowish discoloration of the skin in a newborn
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| labia majora | the two outer rounded folds of adipose tissue that lie on either side of the vaginal opening and that form the external lateral boundaries of the vulva
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| labia minora | the two thin inner folds of skin within the vestibule of the vagina enclosed within the cleft of the labia majora
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| lecithin | a component of surfactant that keeps alveoli from collapsing with each exhalation
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| lochia | small amounts of blood, tissue, and fluid which flow from the uterus after birth
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| lumpectomy | procedure to excise a small malignant tumor of the breast
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| luteinizing hormone | hormone that stimulates a follicle each month to rupture and release an ovum and stimulate the follicle to secrete estradiol and progesterone
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| malpresentation | presentation of a part of a fetus other than the back of the head during parturition
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| meconium | the first thick, greenish-black, sticky stool from a newborn
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| menses | the monthly flow of blood and cellular debris from the uterus that begins at puberty and ceases at menopause
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| mons pubis | the rounded, fleshy pad with pubic hair that overlies the pubic bone
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| Nägele’s rule | procedure used to calculate the patient’s estimated date of birth or due date
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| nurse midwife | allied health professional who (with a physician) manage a patient’s prenatal care, delivery and postpartum care
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| os | an opening into a hollow organ or canal
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| ovary | one of the paired female reproductive organs that produce ova and certain sex hormones, including estrogen
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| ovum (pl. ova) | the female reproductive cell or gamete; egg
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| Pap smear | screening cytology test used to detect abnormal cells or carcinoma in the cervix
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| para | Latin meaning “to bring forth”
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| peau d’orange | dimpling of skin like that of an orange peel
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| pica | an unnatural craving for and compulsive eating of substances with no nutritional value
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| placenta | the organ formed in the uterus from the uterine mucous membrane and the membranes of the fetus, providing for nourishment of the fetus and the elimination of its waste products
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| placenta previa | incorrect position of the placenta either partially or completely covering the birth canal
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| progesterone | hormone secreted by a ruptured follicle after ovulation
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| prolapse | the falling down or slipping of a body part from its usual position
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| proliferative | capable of growing or multiplying by rapidly producing new tissue, parts, cells, or offspring
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| prostaglandin | a hormone-like compound that constricts blood vessels in the uterine wall to prevent excessive bleeding
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| prosthesis | an artificial device to replace or augment a missing or impaired part of the body
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| Skene’s glands | glands located on the anterior wall of the vagina, around the lower end of the urethra
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| speculum | any of various instruments for insertion into a body passage to facilitate visual inspection
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| sphingomyelin | a phospholipid in amniotic fluid, higher when the fetal lungs are immature
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| tenaculum | a long, scissors-like instrument with two curved, pointed ends used to grasp the cervix
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| testosterone | male hormone secreted by cells around the follicle; plays a role in female sexual drive
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| trimester | each of 3 periods of pregnancy lasting 3 months
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| ultrasound | vibrations of the same physical nature as sound but with frequencies above the range of human hearing
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| umbilicus | the depression in the center of the surface of the abdomen indicating the point of attachment of the umbilical cord to the embryo; (also navel)
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| uterus | the hollow, muscular organ of female mammals in which the embryo develops
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| vagina | a canal in females that leads from the uterus to the external orifice opening into the vestibule between the labia minora
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| vernix caseosa | a thick, white cheesy substance that covers the skin of a newborn
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| vertex | a fingerlike projection that the chorion sends ot to implant in the endometrium
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| villus | the top of the head
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| vulva | the external genitals of human females, including the labia, mons veneris, clitoris, and the vaginal orifice (Latin for “a covering for the womb”)
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| zygote | the cell formed by the union of the nuclei of two reproductive cells (gametes), especially a fertilized egg cell
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