Block III Questions
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| Vitamin B1: method & location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport; Jejunum
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| Vitamin C: method & location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport, Ileum
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| Biotin: method and location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport, proximal small intestine
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| Niacin: method & location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport, Jejunum
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| Pantothenic acid; method & location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport; proximal small intestine
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| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): method & location of absorption | Facilitated diffusion; proximal small intestine
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| Vitamin B6: method and location of absorption | Passive diffusion; small intestine
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| Folic Acid; method and location of absorption | Carrier mediated transport; jejunum
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| 60:40:20 rule - describe | Total body weight - 100%, 60%=TBW, 40%=ICF, 20%=ECF
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| Plasma is in which body fluid compartment? | Extracellular
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| RBCs are considered in which body fluid compartment? | Intracellular
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| What is a normal anion gap? | 9-14 mEq/L
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| Normal renal blood flow? | 1.2 L/min
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| Normal renal plasma flow? | 660 mL/min
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| Normal filtration fraction? What is the filtration fraction? | 20%; % of plasma that is filtered
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| Clearance of PAH is used to measure? | Renal Plasma Flow (RPF)
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| What is the formula for measuring Renal Blood Flow (RBF)? | RBF = C(PAH) / 1-Hct
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| Name 3 vasoconstrictors that act at the kidney. | ADH, ANGII, Endothelin
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| Name 2 vasodilators that act at the kidney. | NO, Bradykinin
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| Define the concept of "pressure passive" in regards to regulation of renal blood flow | Pressure passive meants that (if resistance doesn't change) blood flow changes directly with pressure changes.
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| examples of anions that are secreted into the proximal tubule (5) | bile salts, prostaglandins, furosemide, penicillin, aspirin
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| Examples of cations that are secreted into the proximal tubule (4) | creatinine, catecholamines, cimetadine, morphine
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| Which portions of the nephron are impermeable to urea? | thick ascending limb, distal tubule, cortical collecting duct
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| ADH and it's effects on urea? | increases urea permeability in medullary collecting duct
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| formulas (2) for measuring concentrating ability of urine? | C(osm) = U(osm) x V /P(osm). THEN: C(H2O) = V - C(osm)
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| Paraumbilical veins drain into? | Empty into hepatic portal system (They run in the round ligament of the liver)
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| Two branches of splenic artery supplying pancreas? | Dorsal pancreatic (to body) and Greater pancreatic (to tail)
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| innervation of anterior abdominal wall vasculature? | ventral rami
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| where is the white rami of preganglionic sympathetic axons found? (vertebrae levels) | T1-L2 (grey rami is found at all levels)
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| hormone stimulants of PRL (3) | oxytocin, TRH, VIP
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| Name the amine hormones (5) | T3, T4, NE, E, Dopamine
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| Gut development: endoderm forms? mesoderm forms? | endoderm --> mucosa, mesoderm --> submucosa
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| T/F: glucocorticoids, E, glucagon are all counteregulatory to insulin? | True
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| Glucocorticoids promote insulin resistance mainly because they? | Promote fat mobilization
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| Prostaglandins inhibit this pathway ultimatels decreasing HCl secretion into the stomach? | Histamine binding to enterochromaffin cell and activating it via the cAMP pathway
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| 4 characteristics of drugs that make them more passible to breast milk? | Lipid soluble, high levels in mothers bloodstream, low amount bound to binding proteins, low MW
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| drospirenone is an analogue to what? | spironolactone
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| Rate of GH release is dependant on what 2 things? | GHRH and SS balance
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| what is the negative feedback for GHRH and GH? | IGFf and glucose levels
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| Action of grehlin? | stimulates GHRH
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| transitional epithelium in the bladder develops from? | endoderm
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| proximal end of male urethra develops from? Distal end? | UG sinus; ectoderm
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| Most of the urinary and genital region develops from? | intermediate mesoderm (mesodermal ridge)
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| two major types of drug-drug interactions? | pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic
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| calculation of maintenance dose rate? | Cl x Css (L/hr x mg/L)
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| CL (hepatic)? CL (renal)? | hepaticCL=blood flow x fraction eliminated. renalCL=GFR x fraction unbound
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| Innervation of the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx? Where do these muscles meet? | CN X, median raphe
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| three descending muscles of the pharynx and their innervations? | stylopharyngeus (CN9), salpingopharyngeus (CN10), palatopharyngeous (CN10)
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| liver is surrounded by a thin capsule called? | Glissons capsule
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| Innervation of tongue muscles? | all CN 12 (hypoglossus) except palatoglossus (Cn 10)
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| 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue and actions | genioglossus (out), hypoglossus (down and in), styloglossus (in and curl), palatoglossus (elevate posterior)
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| 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue and actions? | Sup. longitudinal (boat shape), Inf. longitudinal (convexes), transverse (narrows), vertical (flattens, broadens)
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| What separates the root of the tongue from the body? | terminal sulcus
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| Taste buds are found on what unit of the tongue? | Fungiform papillae, troughs of vallate papillae)
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| What innervates the TVP? What innervates the rest of the palatine muscles? | CN 5, CNX
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| Insertion of temporalis muscle? | coronoid process
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| to move jaw laterally and to the left what muscles would be used? | left masseter, right pterygoid
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| innervation of muscles of mastication? | CN 5
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| origin of buccinator muscle? what passes through this muscle? | pterygomandibular raphe, Parotid duct
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| 2 components of the defacation reflex? | Rectal distention stimulates 1.ENS to increase peristalsis, 2. Reflex to pelvic splanchnics to increase peristalsis
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| What are the end products of bacterial fermentation in the GI? | small chain FA's (proprionate, butyrate, acetate)
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| mixing contractions in the large intestine? | haustrations
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| what three chemicals are only absorbed int he ileum? | Vit. C, Vit. B12, Bile salts
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| three muscles of the tenia coli? | free (anterior), omental (gr. omentum), mesocolic (mesocolon)
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| Persistant herniation of GI tract into proximal umbilical cord? | omphalocele
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| common bile acids? (2) WHat are bile salts normally conjugated with? | cholic and deoxycholic acid; glycine and taurine
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| Composition of bile? | Bile acids, conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, lecithin, electrolytes
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| describe the long and short reflexes of the ENS | short reflex: to neighboring ENS cells. long reflex: to prevertebral sypathetic ganglia, synapse, then back to ENS.
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| The liver forms via what? What else is formed from this structure (2)? | the hepatic diverticulum. Gall bladder, pancreas
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| three ways glucocorticoids regulate CHO metabolism. | 1. Upregulate PEPCK 2. Upregulate transaminase (to degrade aa) 3. provide C to liver in forms of AA and glycerol
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| what does the mesonephric duct give rise to? the mesonephric tubules? | m. duct --> epididymis. m. tubules --> efferent ductules (vas deferens)
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| three things secreted by sertoli cells? | Androgen binding protein, AMH, inhibin
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| where are lipofuscin granules found? | seminal vesicles
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| 4 main functions of epididymis? | storage, maturation, concentration, transportation
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| what concentrates testosterone in the testes? | ABP from sertoli cells
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| XXY | Klienfelters
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| 45X | Turners
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| In the male the ureters enter the bladder between what two structures? | seminal vesicles and vas deferens
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| what anchors the bladder in males? females? | puboprostatic ligament, pubovesiculoar ligament
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| arteries to the bladder in female? | superior vesical (from umbilical), vaginal
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| the last ganglia over the coccyx? | ganglia impars
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| how many muscle layers in the stomach? names? | three: inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal
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| what arteries pass through greater foramen? lesser foramen? | greater --> sup. and inf. gluteal, internal pudendal. Lesser--> inferior pudendal
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| What major nerves are part of the sciatic plexus? | sciatic, pudendal, sup. and ind. gluteal, post. femoral
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| where is the pudendal canal located? | on obturator internus membrane
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| branch of internal iliac artery (male?) female? | male--> inf. vesicular (to prostate). female--> uterine and vaginal
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| what muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen? greater sciatic foramen? | lesser--> obturator interus. greater--> piriformis
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| the internal deep ring of the inguinal canal is a dimple in what? | tranversalis fascia
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| What are the borders of the inguinal canal? | floor--> inguinal and lacunar ligaments, roof--> IO and transv. abd. lateral-->transv. abd. medial--> conjoint tendon
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| nerves that run under the inguinal ligament? | femoral, lat. cut. nerve of thigh, genitofemoral
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| three things that upregulate aldosterone? | K+, Ang II, ACTH
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| two acidophilic "trophs" in hypothalamus> | somatotrophs and mammotrophs
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| diabetes insipidus is a deficiency in _____, which is made in what region of the hypothalamus? | ADH, supraoptic nucleus
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| parafollicular cells are derived from cells from what? | ultimobranchial body
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| the cremaster muscle was what layer of muscle? | IO
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| what three things form Hasselbachs triangle? | RA, inguinal ligament, inf. epigastrics
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| IUS is thickened _____ muscle? | detrusor
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| pelvic splanchnic nerves are part of what plexi? | inferior hypogastric
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| at what max. plasma level can glucose be reabsorbed at the same rate it is filtered? | 200 mg/dL
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| what ways are Na+ absorbed in the proximal tubule? | Na+/Cl- cotransport, Na+/glucose symport, Na+/aa symport, NaHCO3-
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| two mechanisms of essential HTN? | 1. Shift to the right in the renal output curve with no increase in Na+ output. 2. Increase Na+ intake with no shift to the left in renal output curve
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| signals for ADH release? (3) | 1. osmoreceptor in hypothalamus (senses Na+ conc.) 2. low volume receptor in atria 3. aterial baroreceptors
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| formula for calculating plasma osmolarity? | Posm=(2[Na+] + [glucose])/18 + BUN/2.8
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| Renin release: will it increase or decrease: 1. incr. afferent pressure? 2. Incr. Prostaglandins? 3. incr. ADH? | 1. decrease 2. incr. 3. incr.
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| what artery supplies the proximal duodenum? | supraduodenal
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| what artery supplies the proximal duodenum/pancreas and anastomoses w/inferior branches from the superior mesenteric? | superior pancreaticoduodenal (anterior and posterior)
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| what hormoned function by changing membrane permeability? | neurotransmitters (Epi, NE, Ach) usually results in opening of ion channels
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| Insulin and PDGF utilize what kind of intracellular signaling? | Tyrosine kinase receptors
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| describe the MOA of LH, PTH, CRH | LH activates adenylyl cyclease, which forms cAMP: cAMP directs downstream cell activation
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| what is the rate limiting step in the production of vit. D? | 1-alpha-hydroxylase (final step in kidney)
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| What is the "clinical triad" of hyperparathyroidism? | demineralization of bone, nephrolithiasis, peptic ulcers
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| Estrogen has what effect on PTH? Where are E receptors found in bone? | inhibition; there are receptors on osteoblasts
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