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Block III Questions
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Vitamin B1: method & location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport; Jejunum |
| Vitamin C: method & location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport, Ileum |
| Biotin: method and location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport, proximal small intestine |
| Niacin: method & location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport, Jejunum |
| Pantothenic acid; method & location of absorption | Na+ dependant active transport; proximal small intestine |
| Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): method & location of absorption | Facilitated diffusion; proximal small intestine |
| Vitamin B6: method and location of absorption | Passive diffusion; small intestine |
| Folic Acid; method and location of absorption | Carrier mediated transport; jejunum |
| 60:40:20 rule - describe | Total body weight - 100%, 60%=TBW, 40%=ICF, 20%=ECF |
| Plasma is in which body fluid compartment? | Extracellular |
| RBCs are considered in which body fluid compartment? | Intracellular |
| What is a normal anion gap? | 9-14 mEq/L |
| Normal renal blood flow? | 1.2 L/min |
| Normal renal plasma flow? | 660 mL/min |
| Normal filtration fraction? What is the filtration fraction? | 20%; % of plasma that is filtered |
| Clearance of PAH is used to measure? | Renal Plasma Flow (RPF) |
| What is the formula for measuring Renal Blood Flow (RBF)? | RBF = C(PAH) / 1-Hct |
| Name 3 vasoconstrictors that act at the kidney. | ADH, ANGII, Endothelin |
| Name 2 vasodilators that act at the kidney. | NO, Bradykinin |
| Define the concept of "pressure passive" in regards to regulation of renal blood flow | Pressure passive meants that (if resistance doesn't change) blood flow changes directly with pressure changes. |
| examples of anions that are secreted into the proximal tubule (5) | bile salts, prostaglandins, furosemide, penicillin, aspirin |
| Examples of cations that are secreted into the proximal tubule (4) | creatinine, catecholamines, cimetadine, morphine |
| Which portions of the nephron are impermeable to urea? | thick ascending limb, distal tubule, cortical collecting duct |
| ADH and it's effects on urea? | increases urea permeability in medullary collecting duct |
| formulas (2) for measuring concentrating ability of urine? | C(osm) = U(osm) x V /P(osm). THEN: C(H2O) = V - C(osm) |
| Paraumbilical veins drain into? | Empty into hepatic portal system (They run in the round ligament of the liver) |
| Two branches of splenic artery supplying pancreas? | Dorsal pancreatic (to body) and Greater pancreatic (to tail) |
| innervation of anterior abdominal wall vasculature? | ventral rami |
| where is the white rami of preganglionic sympathetic axons found? (vertebrae levels) | T1-L2 (grey rami is found at all levels) |
| hormone stimulants of PRL (3) | oxytocin, TRH, VIP |
| Name the amine hormones (5) | T3, T4, NE, E, Dopamine |
| Gut development: endoderm forms? mesoderm forms? | endoderm --> mucosa, mesoderm --> submucosa |
| T/F: glucocorticoids, E, glucagon are all counteregulatory to insulin? | True |
| Glucocorticoids promote insulin resistance mainly because they? | Promote fat mobilization |
| Prostaglandins inhibit this pathway ultimatels decreasing HCl secretion into the stomach? | Histamine binding to enterochromaffin cell and activating it via the cAMP pathway |
| 4 characteristics of drugs that make them more passible to breast milk? | Lipid soluble, high levels in mothers bloodstream, low amount bound to binding proteins, low MW |
| drospirenone is an analogue to what? | spironolactone |
| Rate of GH release is dependant on what 2 things? | GHRH and SS balance |
| what is the negative feedback for GHRH and GH? | IGFf and glucose levels |
| Action of grehlin? | stimulates GHRH |
| transitional epithelium in the bladder develops from? | endoderm |
| proximal end of male urethra develops from? Distal end? | UG sinus; ectoderm |
| Most of the urinary and genital region develops from? | intermediate mesoderm (mesodermal ridge) |
| two major types of drug-drug interactions? | pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic |
| calculation of maintenance dose rate? | Cl x Css (L/hr x mg/L) |
| CL (hepatic)? CL (renal)? | hepaticCL=blood flow x fraction eliminated. renalCL=GFR x fraction unbound |
| Innervation of the 3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx? Where do these muscles meet? | CN X, median raphe |
| three descending muscles of the pharynx and their innervations? | stylopharyngeus (CN9), salpingopharyngeus (CN10), palatopharyngeous (CN10) |
| liver is surrounded by a thin capsule called? | Glissons capsule |
| Innervation of tongue muscles? | all CN 12 (hypoglossus) except palatoglossus (Cn 10) |
| 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue and actions | genioglossus (out), hypoglossus (down and in), styloglossus (in and curl), palatoglossus (elevate posterior) |
| 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue and actions? | Sup. longitudinal (boat shape), Inf. longitudinal (convexes), transverse (narrows), vertical (flattens, broadens) |
| What separates the root of the tongue from the body? | terminal sulcus |
| Taste buds are found on what unit of the tongue? | Fungiform papillae, troughs of vallate papillae) |
| What innervates the TVP? What innervates the rest of the palatine muscles? | CN 5, CNX |
| Insertion of temporalis muscle? | coronoid process |
| to move jaw laterally and to the left what muscles would be used? | left masseter, right pterygoid |
| innervation of muscles of mastication? | CN 5 |
| origin of buccinator muscle? what passes through this muscle? | pterygomandibular raphe, Parotid duct |
| 2 components of the defacation reflex? | Rectal distention stimulates 1.ENS to increase peristalsis, 2. Reflex to pelvic splanchnics to increase peristalsis |
| What are the end products of bacterial fermentation in the GI? | small chain FA's (proprionate, butyrate, acetate) |
| mixing contractions in the large intestine? | haustrations |
| what three chemicals are only absorbed int he ileum? | Vit. C, Vit. B12, Bile salts |
| three muscles of the tenia coli? | free (anterior), omental (gr. omentum), mesocolic (mesocolon) |
| Persistant herniation of GI tract into proximal umbilical cord? | omphalocele |
| common bile acids? (2) WHat are bile salts normally conjugated with? | cholic and deoxycholic acid; glycine and taurine |
| Composition of bile? | Bile acids, conjugated bilirubin, cholesterol, lecithin, electrolytes |
| describe the long and short reflexes of the ENS | short reflex: to neighboring ENS cells. long reflex: to prevertebral sypathetic ganglia, synapse, then back to ENS. |
| The liver forms via what? What else is formed from this structure (2)? | the hepatic diverticulum. Gall bladder, pancreas |
| three ways glucocorticoids regulate CHO metabolism. | 1. Upregulate PEPCK 2. Upregulate transaminase (to degrade aa) 3. provide C to liver in forms of AA and glycerol |
| what does the mesonephric duct give rise to? the mesonephric tubules? | m. duct --> epididymis. m. tubules --> efferent ductules (vas deferens) |
| three things secreted by sertoli cells? | Androgen binding protein, AMH, inhibin |
| where are lipofuscin granules found? | seminal vesicles |
| 4 main functions of epididymis? | storage, maturation, concentration, transportation |
| what concentrates testosterone in the testes? | ABP from sertoli cells |
| XXY | Klienfelters |
| 45X | Turners |
| In the male the ureters enter the bladder between what two structures? | seminal vesicles and vas deferens |
| what anchors the bladder in males? females? | puboprostatic ligament, pubovesiculoar ligament |
| arteries to the bladder in female? | superior vesical (from umbilical), vaginal |
| the last ganglia over the coccyx? | ganglia impars |
| how many muscle layers in the stomach? names? | three: inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal |
| what arteries pass through greater foramen? lesser foramen? | greater --> sup. and inf. gluteal, internal pudendal. Lesser--> inferior pudendal |
| What major nerves are part of the sciatic plexus? | sciatic, pudendal, sup. and ind. gluteal, post. femoral |
| where is the pudendal canal located? | on obturator internus membrane |
| branch of internal iliac artery (male?) female? | male--> inf. vesicular (to prostate). female--> uterine and vaginal |
| what muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen? greater sciatic foramen? | lesser--> obturator interus. greater--> piriformis |
| the internal deep ring of the inguinal canal is a dimple in what? | tranversalis fascia |
| What are the borders of the inguinal canal? | floor--> inguinal and lacunar ligaments, roof--> IO and transv. abd. lateral-->transv. abd. medial--> conjoint tendon |
| nerves that run under the inguinal ligament? | femoral, lat. cut. nerve of thigh, genitofemoral |
| three things that upregulate aldosterone? | K+, Ang II, ACTH |
| two acidophilic "trophs" in hypothalamus> | somatotrophs and mammotrophs |
| diabetes insipidus is a deficiency in _____, which is made in what region of the hypothalamus? | ADH, supraoptic nucleus |
| parafollicular cells are derived from cells from what? | ultimobranchial body |
| the cremaster muscle was what layer of muscle? | IO |
| what three things form Hasselbachs triangle? | RA, inguinal ligament, inf. epigastrics |
| IUS is thickened _____ muscle? | detrusor |
| pelvic splanchnic nerves are part of what plexi? | inferior hypogastric |
| at what max. plasma level can glucose be reabsorbed at the same rate it is filtered? | 200 mg/dL |
| what ways are Na+ absorbed in the proximal tubule? | Na+/Cl- cotransport, Na+/glucose symport, Na+/aa symport, NaHCO3- |
| two mechanisms of essential HTN? | 1. Shift to the right in the renal output curve with no increase in Na+ output. 2. Increase Na+ intake with no shift to the left in renal output curve |
| signals for ADH release? (3) | 1. osmoreceptor in hypothalamus (senses Na+ conc.) 2. low volume receptor in atria 3. aterial baroreceptors |
| formula for calculating plasma osmolarity? | Posm=(2[Na+] + [glucose])/18 + BUN/2.8 |
| Renin release: will it increase or decrease: 1. incr. afferent pressure? 2. Incr. Prostaglandins? 3. incr. ADH? | 1. decrease 2. incr. 3. incr. |
| what artery supplies the proximal duodenum? | supraduodenal |
| what artery supplies the proximal duodenum/pancreas and anastomoses w/inferior branches from the superior mesenteric? | superior pancreaticoduodenal (anterior and posterior) |
| what hormoned function by changing membrane permeability? | neurotransmitters (Epi, NE, Ach) usually results in opening of ion channels |
| Insulin and PDGF utilize what kind of intracellular signaling? | Tyrosine kinase receptors |
| describe the MOA of LH, PTH, CRH | LH activates adenylyl cyclease, which forms cAMP: cAMP directs downstream cell activation |
| what is the rate limiting step in the production of vit. D? | 1-alpha-hydroxylase (final step in kidney) |
| What is the "clinical triad" of hyperparathyroidism? | demineralization of bone, nephrolithiasis, peptic ulcers |
| Estrogen has what effect on PTH? Where are E receptors found in bone? | inhibition; there are receptors on osteoblasts |
Created by:
igelderloos