United States History Terms for STAAR Test
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| Demand | the quantities of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices during a given period of time
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| Democracy | a system of government in which political control is exercised by all the people, either directly or through their elected representatives.
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| Desertification | the spread of desert conditions in arid and semiarid regions resulting from a combination of climatic changes and increasing human pressures such as overgrazing, removal of vegetation, and cultivation of marginal land.
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| Dictatorship | a system of government in which those who rule usually acquire and maintain authority by force and cannot be held responsible to the will of the people.
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| Diffusion | the spread of people, ideas, technology, and products among places
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| Direct Democracy | a democratic system of government in which the people exercise political control and participate directly indecision making
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| Direction Indicator | an element of a map used to show direction, usually labeling north and frequently all cardinal directions
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| Discrimination | unfair treatment of a person or group based on a variety of prejudices
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| Division of Labor | the separation of the total work required to produce a good or service into individual interrelated tasks
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| Due Process of Law | The right of every citizen to be protected against arbitrary action by the government.
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| Earth-Sun Relationship | The position of the earth relative to the sun that helps to determine day and night,seasons, & time zones.
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| Economic Growth | An increase in an economy's ability to produce goods and services over time.
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| Entrepreneur | An individual who organizes the use of productive resources to produce goods and services
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| Entrepreneurship | The organization of productive resources by a person willing to take risks to start a business
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| Ex Post Facto Law | A legislative act that retroactively makes an act a crime,makes crime more serious,makes criminal punishment more severe or changes the trial rules to make conviction easier
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| Federalism | A form of political organization in which governmental power is divided between a central government and territorial subdivisions-under US Constitution, between national and state governments
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| Flow Resource | A resource that is neither renewable or non-renewable, but must be used when or where it occurs ex: running water, wind, sunlight
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| Globalization | The act,process, or policy of making something worldwide in scope or application
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| Goods | Objects that are capable of satisfying people's wants
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| Graphic Organizers | Written or pictorial representations used to organize information ex:flow charts, webs , Venn diagrams, T-charts
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| Gross Domestic Product | The value of all final goods and services produced within a country's borders in a given year
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| Habeas Corpus (writ of) | A court order demanding that the individual in custody be brought into the court and shown the cause of the detention; guaranteed by the US constitution & can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion
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| Human Characteristic/Feature | An aspect of a place or a quality of the Earth's surface constructed by people including cities,parks,buildings & roads
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| Human Resource | A productive resource consisting of the talents and skills of human beings that contribute to the production of goods and services
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| Imperialism | A policy used by strong countries to gain social,political, & economic control over foreign territories
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| Initiative | A petition process by which a certain percentage of voters(electors) can put a proposed constitutional amendment or statute on the ballot for popular approval or rejection or submit a proposed statute to a legislative assembly for approval
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| Institutionalized Discrimination | Unfair treatment of a group based on prejudice & carried out by governments,organizations,& companies that limit freedoms in political,economic,social,cultural, or any other field of public life
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| Product | Something produced by human or mechanical effort or by a natural process
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| Production | The act of combining resources,human resources,capital goods, & entrepreneurship to make goods and services
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| Productive Capacity | The maximum output that an economy can produce without big increases in inflation
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| Productive Resources | The resources used to make goods and services (natural resources,human resources,capital goods)
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| Progressive Tax | A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes increases as income increases
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| Proportional Tax | A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes remains the same for all income levels.
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| Public Sector | The part of the economy that involves the transactions of government
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| Pull Factor | A social, political,economic, or environmental attraction of a new area that drew people away from their previous location
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| Push Factor | A social, political, economic, or environmental force that drove people from their previous location to a search for a new one
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| Racism | The belief that members of one's own race are superior physically,mentally,culturally, and morally to members of other races
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| Referendum | Process of measure passed by a legislature is submitted(referral)to voters for final approval or rejection or petition process by which a certain percentage of electors can order recently passed legislation be submitted to voters for approval or rejection
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| Region | An area with one or more common characteristics or features, which give it a measure of homogeneity & make it different from surrounding areas
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| Regressive Tax | A tax for which the percentage of income paid in taxes decreases as income increases
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| Relative Location | The location of a place in relation to other places ex: northwest, downstream
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| Reliability | The degree to which something is trustworthy or is suitable to be depended upon
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| Renewable Resource | A natural resource that can be regenerated if used carefully ex:fish,timber
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| Representative Democracy (Republic) | A democratic system of government in which the people exercise political control 7 participate through elected representatives responsible for promoting the common value
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| Responsibilities | The conditions or tasks for which a person is accountable or answerable
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| Rights | Just claims that belong to a person by law, nature, or tradition
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| Scale | The relationship or ratio between a linear measurement on a map and the corresponding distance on the Earth's surface
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| Scarcity | The lack of sufficient resources to produce all the goods and services that people desire.
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| Secondary Source | An account of an event by someone who was not present at the event.
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| Services | Actions that are capable of satisfying people's wants
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| Specialization | The concentration of production on fewer kinds of goods and services than are consumed.
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| Standard of Living | A person's or group's level of material well-being, as measured by education,housing,health care, and nutrition.
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| Supply | The quantities of a good and service that producers are willing and able to provide at various prices during a given time period.
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| Territory | An area of land; the land and waters under the jurisdiction of a state, nation, or sovereign.
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| Thematic Map | A portrayal on a flat surface of geographic topic ex:migration routes resource locations population densities
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| Theocracy | A system of government headed by one or more religious leaders who claim to rule by divine authority.
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| Trade-off | The sacrifice of one option for another when a decision is made.
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| Traditional Economy | An economic decision in which decisions on production and consumption are based upon customs, beliefs, rituals, and habits.
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| Want | A psychological or physical desire that can be fulfilled through the consumption of goods and services.
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| Absolute Location | The location of a point on the earth's surface which can be expressed by a grid reference ex: latitude and longitude
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| Absolute Monarchy | A system of government headed by a monarch as the only source of power controlling all functions of the state.
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| Artifact | A material object of a culture such as a tool, an article of clothing, or a prepared tool.
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| B.C.E. | Before the Common Era (also referred to as B.C.)
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| Barter | The trade of goods and services for other goods and services without the use of money.
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| Benefit | That which is received as an improvement or an advantage as a result of a decision
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| Bicameral | Composed of two legislative chambers
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| Bill of Attainder | A legislative act that inflicts punishment upon a person or group without a judicial trial.
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| C.E. | In the Common Era (also referred to as A.D.)
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| Capital Good | A productive resource consisting of human-made materials needed to produce goods and services; capital goods include buildings, machinery, equipment and tools.
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| Cardinal Directions | The four main points of the compass (north,east, south, west)
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| Circular Flow Model | A diagram that shows the flow of economic activity among sectors of the economy.
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| Colonialism | A system where one country extends its control over foreign dependencies , especially for economic benefit.
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| Command Economy | An economic system in which all decisions on production & consumption are made by the central government.
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| Comparative Advantage | The ability to produce goods or services at lower opportunity cost than any other individuals or countries.
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| Compass Rose | An element of a map used to show direction, usually showing cardinal directions and frequently intermediate directions.
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| Constitutional Monarchy | A system of government headed by a monarch whose powers are delineated in the fundamental law of the state.
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| Consumer | A person whose wants are satisfied by using goods and services.
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| Consumer Price Index | A number used to measure changes in the cost of a standard group of goods and services bought by a typical urban consumer.
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| Consumption | The purchase and/or use of goods and services.
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| Coordinate | On of a set of numbers that determines the location of a point in a space.
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| Cost | An alternate given up as the result of a decision.
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| Country | A unit of political space, the entire land area of a nation or state.
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| Credibility | The quality or state of offering reasonable grounds for being believed.
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| Cultural Institution | An established custom, practice, or relationship of importance in a society.
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| Cultural Perspective | The complex set of meanings,attitudes, values, & ideas belonging to a cultural group.
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| Cultural Practice | A pattern of behavior accepted by a society.
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| Cultural Product | A tangible (ex: painting, cathedral,mosque, piece of literature,chopsticks)or intangible (ex: tale, dance, sacred ritual, system of education) aspect produced by a cultural group
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| Culture | Learned behavior of a group of people, which includes their belief systems & languages;their social relationships,their institutions & organizations, & their material goods such as food,clothing,buildings,tools and machines.
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| Deforestation | The destruction and removal of forest & its undergrowth by natural or human forces.
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