A&P Chapters 10 &11
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| External Intercostals | Elevates ribs; inspiration
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| Internal Intercostals | Depresses ribs; expiration
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| Diaphragm | Inspiration; depresses floor of thorax
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| Trapezius | Elevates, depresses, retracts, rotates and fixes scapula; extends neck
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| Serratus Anterior | Roates and protracts scapula; elevates ribs
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| Pectoralis Minor | Depresses scapular or elevates ribs
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| Latissimus Dorsi | Adducts and medially orates arm; extends shoulder
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| Pectoralis Major | Flexes shoulder; adducts and medially rotates arm; extends shoulder from flexed position
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| Deltoid | Flexes and extends shoulder; abducts and medially and laterally rotates arm
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| Teres Major | Extends and medially rotates humerus; swings the arm
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| Subscapularis | Medially rotates arm; holds head of humerus in place
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| Infraspinatus | Laterally rotates arm; holds head of humerus in place
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| Supraspinatus | Abducts arm; holds head of humerus in place
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| Teres Minor | Laterally rotates ad adducts arm; hold head of humerus in place
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| External Obliques | Flexes and rotates vertebral column; compresses abdomen; depresses thorax
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| Internal Obliques | Flexes and rotates vertebral column; compresses abdomen; depresses thorax
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| Transversus Abdominis | Compresses abdomen
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| Rectus Abdominis | Flexes vertebral column; compresses abdomen
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| Splenius Capitus | Extends, rotates, and laterally flexes head
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| Sternocleidomastoid | 1) Laterally flexes head and neck to same side AND rotates head and neck to opposite side
2) Flexes neck
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| Frontalis | Moves scalp and elevates eyebrows
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| Orbicularis Oculi | Closes eyelids
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| Orbicularis Oris | Closes lips
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| Masseter | Elevates and protracts mandible
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| Buccinator | Retracts angle of mouth; flattens cheeks
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| Biceps Brachii | Flexes shoulder and elbow; supinates forearm and hand
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| Origin of Biceps Brachii | Short head: coracoid process of scapula
Long head: glenoid cavity
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| Insertion of Biceps Brachii | Radial Tuberosity
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| Brachialis | Flexes elbow
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| Flexor Digitorum Superficialis | Flexes fingers
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| Triceps Brachii | Extends elbow; extends shoulder and adducts arm
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| Origin of Triceps Brachii | Scapula, Posterior shaft of humerus
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| Insertion of Triceps Brachii | Olecranon process of Ulna
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| Extensor Digitorum | Extends fingers and wrist
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| Extensor Carpi Ulnaris | Extends and adducts wrist
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| Pronator Teres | Pronates forearm and hand
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| Supinator | Supinates forearm and hand
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| Iliopsoas | Flexes hip
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| What makes up the Iliopsoas | Iliacus and Psoas Major
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| Tensor Fascia Lata | Flexes hip; abducts and medially rotates thigh; stabilizes femur on tibia when standing
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| Sartorius | Flexes hip and knee; rotates thigh laterally and leg medially
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| Rectus Femoris | Extends knee and flexes hip
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| Origin of Rectus Femoris | Anterior inferior iliac spine
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| Insertion of Rectus Femoris | Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
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| Vastus Lateralis | Extends knee
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| Origin of Vastus Lateralis | Greater trochanter and line Aspera of femur
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| Insertion of Vastus Lateralis | Tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
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| Vastus Intermedius | Extends knee
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| Vastus Medialis | Extends knee
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| Gracilis | Adducts thigh; flexes knee
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| Adductor Magnus | Adducts thigh and flexes hip
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| Adductor Longus | Adducts, laterally rotates thigh; tilts pelvis
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| Biceps Femoris | Flexes knee; laterally rotates leg; extends hip
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| Origin of Biceps Femoris | Ischial tuberosity and linea aspera of femur
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| Insertion of Biceps Femoris | Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia
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| Semitendinosus | Flexes knee; medially rotates leg; extends hip
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| Semimembranosus | Flexes knee; medially rotates leg; tenses capsule of knee joint; extends hip
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| Gastrocnemius | Plantar flexes foot; flexes knee
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| Extensor Digitorum Longus | Extends four lateral toes; dorsiflexes and everts foot
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| Peroneus Longus/fibularis longus | Everts and plantar flexes foot
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| Peroneus/fibrous Brevis | Everts and plantar flexes foot
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| Tibialis anterior | Dorsiflex and inverts the foot
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| Zero position | Anatomical position
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| Flexes | Decreases a joints angle
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| Extends | Returns a body part to the zero position
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| Hyperextension | Extension beyond zero position
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| Elevate | Raises a body part vertically (shoulder shrug)
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| Depress | Lower a body part vertically (release a shoulder shrug)
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| Retracts | Posterior movement of a body part in a horizontal plane (rowing a boat)
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| Protracts | Anterior movement of a body part in a horizontal plane (rowing a boat)
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| Abducts | Moves a body part away from the midline of the body (jumping jacks)
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| Adducts | Moves a body part towards the midline of the body (jumping jacks)
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| Muscle Compartments | A Group of functionally related muscles enclosed and separated from others by connective tissue fascia
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| What does the muscle compartments contain | Nerves, blood vessels that supply the muscle group
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| Example of muscle compartments | Thoracic, abdominal walls, limbs
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| Indirect attachment to bone | Tendons
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| Tendons | Bridge the gap between muscle ends and bony attachment
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| Examples of tendons | Biceps brachii, achilles tendon
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| Characteristics of tendons | Collagen fibers of the endo-, peri-, and epimysium continue into the tendon
From there into the periosteum and the matrix of bone
Very strong structural continuity from muscle to bone
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| Direct (fleshy) attachment to bone characteristics | Little separation between muscle and bone
Muscle seems to immerse directly from bone
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| Examples of direct attachments | Margins of brachial is, lateral head of triceps brachii
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| Origin | Bony attachment at stationery end of muscle
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| Belly | Thicker, middle region of muscle between origin and insertion
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| Insertion | Bony attachment to mobile end of muscle
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| Which muscles do not insert on bone but the fascia or tendon of another muscle or on collagen fibers of the dermis | Distal tendon of the biceps brachia inserts on the fascia of the forearm
Fascial muscles insert on the skin
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| Action | The effects produced by a muscle
- To produce or prevent movement
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| What are the four categories of action | Prime mover (agonist), synergist, antagonist, fixator
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| Prime mover (agonist) | Muscle that produces most of the force during a joint action
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| Synergist | Muscle that aids the prime mover
-Stabilizes the nearby joint
-Modifies the direction of movement
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| Antagonist | Opposes the prime mover
-Relaxes to give prime mover control over an action
-Preventing excessive movement and injury
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| Fixator | Muscle that prevents movements of bone
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| Example of Prime mover (agonist) | Brachialis
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| Example of Synergist | Biceps Brachii
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| Example of Antagonist | Triceps brachii
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| Example of Fixator | Muscle that holds scapula firmly in place
-Rhomboids
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| Intrinsic muscles | Entirely contained within a region, such as the hand
-Both origin and insertion
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| Extrinsic muscles | Act on a designated region, but has its origin elsewhere
-Fingers: extrinsic muscles in the forearm
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| Blood supply to muscles | Muscular system receives about 1.24L of blood per minute at rest (1/4 of the blood pumped by the heart)
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| Hernias | Any condition in which the viscera protrudes through a weak point in the muscular wall of the abdominopelvic cavity
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| Compartment Syndrome | Fasciae of arms and legs enclose muscle compartments very snugly
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| What happens if a blood vessel in a compartment is damaged | Blood and tissue accumulate in the compartment
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| Example of fusiform muscle | Biceps brachii
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| Example of parallel muscle | Rectus abdominis
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| Example of triangular muscle | Pectoralis major
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| Example of unipennate muscle | Palmar interosseous
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| Example of bipennate muscle | Rectus femoris
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| Example of multipennate muscle | Deltoid
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| Example of circular muscle | Orbicularis Oculi
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