WGU IOC Constitution, Amen, Pres, Climate, Maps, Environment, History
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| Nonrenewable Resources | Resources that cannot be recycled: copper, iron, uranium, raw petrolium, coal, oil
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| Renewable Resources | Resources that can be successfully recycled: glass, plastic, water, paper, aluminum
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| Relief Map | 3-D shading to show changes of altitude. Shows plains, mountains, rivers, deserts, plateaus
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| Climate Map | Shows climate of a region using color or patterns
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| Topographical Map | Detailed and accurate graphic representation of cultural and natural features on the ground. 3-D includes: Manmade features (roads, bridges, mines), shows relative position (proximity of nuclear plant to school), elevation
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| Political Map | Includes country names, borders, physical ocean features and island names, boundaries, divisions and capitals
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| Mercado Globe | Specializes in maintaining shape of objects, lines of longitude are parallel to one another. Equator is tangent to globe. Parallels of latitude grow further apart as they leave the equator
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| Robinson Globe | Used by US geographic service, National Geography Society, and most educational institutions. Shows features without interruption and with little distortion.
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| What is a Climate? | Long-term (30 years) weather including weather conditions, seasons, and extremes
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| Two factors determining climate | Air temperature and Precipitation
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| Biome | The complex of plants and animals common to a designated large physical region.
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| Three components of biome | Climate, Plants, Animals
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| Biome is controlled by | Climate
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| How climate changes lead to changes in culture or subculture | Influences population distribution, avoid cold, learn to make warm clothing, advance hunting skills, types of houses made, high temperatures are better with water available, population dense in Egypt, mid-East, River Valleys in India, cold limiting factor
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| How elevation impacts climate | Higher elevation equals colder, less human settlements, harsher circumstances, thinner soil, extreme temperatures, sparse vegetation
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| Deforestation | Increased soil erosion, leads to impaired water cycle in specific ecosystems and ultimately the Earth. Destruction of large areas of forest due to clear cutting by humans
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| Global Warming | Increased use of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas, and gasoline has increased levels of carbon dioxide in lower atmosphere (Greenhouse Effect)
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| Energy Development | Increased competition for scarce resources (coal) and increased local pollution levels like acidic rain. Petrolium production has negative impact by increasing human activity; hydroelectric projects alter terrain
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| Population Growth | Increased demand for food; As population increases, farming, construction, mining and energy development decrease
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| How regional natural resources impact economic and political decision making | Competing transportation costs for resources will determine locations of mills
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| How regional natural resources impact world economy | Creates shortages and causes economic decline in areas, in turn causes areas to have to import
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| How political lines are determined | Natural boundaries (rivers, mountain ranges, deserts, etc)
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| Two key factors for population growth rate | Birth and death rates
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| Limiting factors for population growth rate | Oxygen and water
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| Olmecs | Gulf Coast
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| Pawnee | Nebraska / Platt River
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| Cherokee | Southeast, North & South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee
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| Mayans | Southern Mexico / Yucatan
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| Inca | Peru / Chile
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| Azetc | Mexico
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| Nez Perce | Idaho / Oregon
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| Who was funded by Queen Isabella of Spain and landed in San Salvador, mistaking it for the Indies and later explored Cuba? | Christopher Columbus
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| Ships Columbus sailed with | Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria
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| Who sailed from Cuba to Mexico, founded Vera Cruz, and conquered teh Aztec Empire in 1591? | Hernan Corez
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| Who crossed Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean? | Vasco Nunez de Balboa
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| Who sailed on a 3 year voyage around the world? | Ferdinand Magellan
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| Who overtook the Inca in Peru; established Lima & Peru? | Francisco Pizarro
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| Conquistidors | Spanish Soldiers who were granted trusteeship over indigenous people; seized land, increased taxes, and forced natives into slavery
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| Requerimeinto | Document threatening to enslave Native Americans if Spanish demands were not met
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| Encomienda | Oppression of Native Americans by the Spanish
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| Black Legend | Description of Spaniards oppression of Native Americans
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| The Great Migration | Result of persecution of the Puritans in the 1630s
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| Toleration Act | Freedom of religion in Baltimore to anyone professing to believe in Jesus Christ
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| Treaty of Tordesillas | Divided land between Spain and Portugal
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| John Cabot | aka Giovanni Catoto; English explorer of East Coast America
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| Who sailed around Africa to India and opened first all water trade route between Europe and Asia? | Da Gama
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| Who was the first European to sight NY? | Verrzonno
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| Who inspired Columbus with descriptions of the Far East? | Marco Polo
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| What colony was established in Chesapeake Bay, VA by John Smith? | Jamestown
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| Why did Jamestown fail? | Food shortages, Indian attacks, Malaria, Gold digging preoccupation
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| Who was the first governor of the Puritan colony in Cape Cod? | William Bradford
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| Who founded Rhode Island in 1636? | Roger Williams
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| Who founded PA and the Quaker settlement? | William Penn
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| North | Region with industrial economy; opposed slavery
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| South | Region with agricultural economy; tobacco, rice and cotton; supported slavery
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| Sugar Act | Great Britain taxed colonies on sugar, molasses, and wine
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| Stamp Act | Required an official stamp on all documents. John Adams stated, "The pot is set to boil"
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| Tea Act | Allowed British East Indie tea company to sell tea to colonies without paying tax; resulted in Boston Tea Party
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| Declaratory Act | Asserted British governments the right to impose taxes
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| Townsend Act | Duty tax, search, and seizure
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| Quartering Act | British soldiers were permitted to live in colonists homes for free
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| Boston Massacre | 6 colonists shot in Boston during fight between colonists and British troops
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| Trail of Tears | Andrew Jackson; Cherokee were forced to leave Georgia for Oklahoma; 4000 died
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| Manifest Destiny | Belief that US had a divine mission to expand and spread democracy and freedom
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| Louisiana Purchase | Thomas Jefferson; Purchased for $15 million
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| Treaty of Guadalupe | US acquired territories at the end of the Mexican War: NM, AZ, CA, CO, UT, NV
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| Gadsden Purchase | US purchase of what is now southern AZ and NM from Mexico
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| Alaska | William Seward; Purchased from Russia for $7 million
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| Hawaii | President McKinley; added to US in 1898
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| Compromise of 1850 | Admitted CA as a free state
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| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Allowed new states to decide slavery; repealed Missouri Compromise; split Louisiana Purchase into 2 territories; led slavery opponents to form Republican Party
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| The Movement | Fueled by Uncle Tom's Cabin - portrayed cruelties of slavery
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| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln; document published after no compromise was reached to end slavery in southern states
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| Post WWI | Economy of US expanded at unprecedented rates
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| Buying on Credit | Commonplace after WWI; by 1929, more than $7 billion owed to creditors
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| Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Great Depression; $25 billion investments lost; Congress passed Smoot-Hawley Tariff to increase revenues
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| Franklin Roosevelt | New Deal: FDIC, SSA, CCC, AAA; Entered WWII, Cash and Carry on weapons during WWII, Pearl Harbor
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| George Washington | Elected first President; set precedent for new Presidents; served two 4 year terms
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| James Madison | 4th president; "Father of Constitution"; War of 1812
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| Thomas Jefferson | Louisiana Purchase; commissioned Lewis & Clarke
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| Abraham Lincoln | Civil War; ended slavery
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| John F. Kennedy | Challenged Congress to put a man on the moon; Headed Civil Rights movement during MLK; Space program; Vietnam
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| Richard Nixon | Watergate; Diplomatic opening with China; 27th Amendment; Roe v. Wade; Troops home from Vietnam
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| Ronald Reagan | End of Cold War; Berlin wall came down
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| Lyndon Johnson | Start of Vietnam War; 24th Amendment; abolished poll tax
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| Dwight Eisenhower | General during WWII
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| Woodrow Wilson | President during WWII
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| Steel | Driven by need for steam, oil, steel, and coal
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| Railroad | Beginning of development of cities; reduced families living on farms
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| WWI | US entered 3 years in b/c of Russian revolution
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| WWII | Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; US aided England and France
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| Gerard Mercator | created 1st projection map
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| Conic Projections | Superimposed a cone on globe
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| Equal-Area Projections | Maps today use equal-area projections with horizontal parallels
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| Characteristics of Ecosystems | Dynamic; interaction among livign and non-living members; self-sustaining; biomes are mutually supportive
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| Tundra | Cold temps; permafrost; no trees/tall plants; shrubby vegetations w/roots that don't penetrate subsoil; mosquitoes b/c of standing water
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| Tropical Forest | Variable rainfall; wet and dry seasons; high amounts of light; high number of tree species
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| Desert | Less than 30 cm of annual rainfall; aren't always hot; some cold at night, some cold year-round; cacti-succulents; desert mice, snakes, nocturnal species
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| Grassland | Seasonal drought; periodic fires; grasses predominant vegetation; nutrients stored underground; birds, small rodents, grazing mammals
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| Savannah | Alternate rainy seasons with periods of drought; periodic fires; perennial grasses, flowering trees, fire adapted; large herbivores (zebras), their predators (lions), predominant herbivores are insects (ants, termites)
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| Freshwater Biomes | less than 1% salt concentration; only cover a small area of Earth's surface; include swamps, ponds, lakes
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| Marine Biomes | 3% salt concentration; found through-out 75% of Earths surface
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| Rivers | Moving water; oxygen content of water is high
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| Elevation | Earth grows colder at higher elevations; temps drop 3.5 degrees F for every 1,000 feet of altitude
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| Latitude | As Earth tilts and rotates, various areas receive more direct rays from sun
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| Political policies of US | Dictated by presence or lack of natural resources
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| US demand for petroleum | Dictated that the US will be more involved in mid-east countries to protect oil supply
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| Japan after WWI | Wold power & industrial giant; no natural resources (iron, ore, rubber, oil)
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| Consumption of Natural Resources | As demand increases, the ability to keep supply and cost down decreases
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| Factors influencing society development | climate, locations, natural boundaries, technology, natural resources
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| President | Commander/Chief
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| Vice President | Leader of Senate
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| Legislative Brance | Congress, House of Rep. Senate
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| Congress | Declare war, maintain military, regulate commerce, coin money
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| House of Rep. | 2 year term; reps per state based on state's population; tax laws, power to impeach President, decide if gov. officials go to trial
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| Senate | 6 year term; 100 members; Power to remove official from office, hold trials for gov't officials, confirm or disapprove treaties or Pres. appts.
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| Judicial Branch | Supreme Court
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| Federal Judiciary Act | Gave judges appointments for life
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| Participation | Examples: voting in local, state and national elections
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| National Power | Govt. exerpts power over states by direct orders, preemption of auth, and grants in aid
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| State Power | States have limited power over fed. govt; can exercise power through lobbying
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| Fundamental Federalism | Basic rules of federalism were established
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| Dual Federalism | National & state govts had distinct jurisdictions and didn't intrude upon each other
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| Cooperative Federalism | National government stepped in when states were unable to solve problems
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| Coercive Federalism | National govt assumed so much power that state and local govts were reduced to minor roles
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| Devolutionary Federalism | Govt began transferring authority back to each state
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| Strength of 2 party system | Allows for greater representation of people
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| Weakness of 2 party system | Excludes any opinions outside of 2 parties
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| Articles of Confederation | Left too much power to states and not enough to govt.
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| Constitution | Framers challenged to write a form of govt that would adhere principles fought for in Revolutionary War
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| Bill of Rights | Citizens felt Constitution was not enough and insisted Bill of Rights be added before radification
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| Marbury v. Madison | Unconstitutional to force appointments
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| Dred Scott | Missouri Compromise unconstitutional
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| Plessy v. Ferguson | Challenged Separate Railroad Car Act of 1892; Court upheld act
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| Brown v. Board of Education | Court ruled separate but equal education unconstitutional; Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson
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| Roe v. Wade | Women has right to terminate pregnancy
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| Susan B. Anthony | Paved way for women's rights; 19th Amendment
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| Federalists | Represented educated property owners; supported Constitution; promised Bill of Rights
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| Anti-Federalists | Worried about centralized govt w/ too much power; wanted to keep govt local
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| Cesar Chavez | Founded Farm Workers Assoc; organized migrant workers through CA
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| Ponce de Leon | Discovered Florida while searching for Fountain of Youth
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| War of 1812 | Britain and US
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| Headright System | System of land distribution; workers came from Britain for specified time in exchange for 50 acres of land, free passage to US
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| Missouri Compromise | Admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state
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| Fugitive Slave Law | Made it easier for slave owners to recapture runaway slaves
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| Gibbons v. Ogden | Affirmed and expanded power of govt to regulate interstate commerce
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| Miller v. Oregon | established special protections for working women
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| 7 years war | Britain against France for control of US; French and Indian War
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| 2nd Continental Congress | Organized Continental Army and commissioned Washington to lead it
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| Dartmouth College v. Woodward | Ruled that Constitution protected charters given to corporations by states
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| McCulloch v. Maryland | Banking case asserted supremacy of federal power over state power
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| 1st Continental Congress | Delegates from 12 colonies in 1774
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| Sir Walter Raleigh | Established first English colony at Roanoke Island
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| Andrew Johnson | Black Codes; Jim Crow laws, CRA
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| Theodore Roosevelt | US Steel Corp; International Harvest Corp; Northern Securites Corp
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| Herbert Hoover | Refused to do much during Great Depression
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| Harry Truman | A-bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Truman Doctrine - $400 million in military aid to Greece and Turkey; Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe
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| Executive Branch | Approve or veto bills; make treaties; grant pardons; enforce laws; commission officers; head of state; appoints cabinet members and National CEO
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| Bleeding Kansas | Anti-slavery extermist John Brown and followers took 5 pro-slavery ment from cabins in Kansas and murdered them
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| Events that fueled Civil War conflict over slavery | Territorial expansion (Compromise of 1850), Fugitive Slave Act, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas
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| Great Society Programs | Federal funds to schools, program for disadvantaged preschoolers, federal intervention to protect African American voting in 6 states, insurance program for people over 65
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| How regional natural resources impact international relations | Possession of rare materials (South Africa) and large deposits of energy resources (Saudi Arabia) strenghten a states position in global affairs. Fewer resources can be overcome (Japan)
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| 1st Amendment | Five Freedoms: Speech, religion, press, assemly, peaceful protest
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| 2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms
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| 3rd Amendment | Quartering Soldiers
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| 4th Amendment | Unreasonable search/seizure
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| 5th Amendment | Right to due process
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| 6th Amendment | Due process continued
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| 7th Amendment | Civil Law
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| 8th Amendment | Bail, fines, cruel punishment
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| 9th Amendment | Protection of unlisted rights
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| 10th Amendment | Power of states & people
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| 11th Amendment | Suites against the states
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| 12th Amendment | Electing President / VP
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| 13th Amendment | Slavery ended
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| 14th Amendment | Citizens rights in the states / Equal protection
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| 15th Amendment | Voting of African Americans
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| 16th Amendment | Income Tax
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| 17th Amendment | Election of Senators / 6 year term
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| 18th Amendment | Prohibition of alcohol
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| 19th Amendment | Right to vote for women
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| 20th Amendment | Executive & Legislative Terms of Office
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| 21th Amendment | Repeal of prohibition
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| 22nd Amendment | President restricted to two 4 yr terms
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| 23rd Amendment | Right to vote in DC
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| 24th Amendment | Poll tax prohibited
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| 25th Amendment | Presidential succession
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| 26th Amendment | Voting age lowered to 18
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| 27th Amendment | Laws changing congressional compensation
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