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WGU IOC4
WGU IOC Constitution, Amen, Pres, Climate, Maps, Environment, History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nonrenewable Resources | Resources that cannot be recycled: copper, iron, uranium, raw petrolium, coal, oil |
| Renewable Resources | Resources that can be successfully recycled: glass, plastic, water, paper, aluminum |
| Relief Map | 3-D shading to show changes of altitude. Shows plains, mountains, rivers, deserts, plateaus |
| Climate Map | Shows climate of a region using color or patterns |
| Topographical Map | Detailed and accurate graphic representation of cultural and natural features on the ground. 3-D includes: Manmade features (roads, bridges, mines), shows relative position (proximity of nuclear plant to school), elevation |
| Political Map | Includes country names, borders, physical ocean features and island names, boundaries, divisions and capitals |
| Mercado Globe | Specializes in maintaining shape of objects, lines of longitude are parallel to one another. Equator is tangent to globe. Parallels of latitude grow further apart as they leave the equator |
| Robinson Globe | Used by US geographic service, National Geography Society, and most educational institutions. Shows features without interruption and with little distortion. |
| What is a Climate? | Long-term (30 years) weather including weather conditions, seasons, and extremes |
| Two factors determining climate | Air temperature and Precipitation |
| Biome | The complex of plants and animals common to a designated large physical region. |
| Three components of biome | Climate, Plants, Animals |
| Biome is controlled by | Climate |
| How climate changes lead to changes in culture or subculture | Influences population distribution, avoid cold, learn to make warm clothing, advance hunting skills, types of houses made, high temperatures are better with water available, population dense in Egypt, mid-East, River Valleys in India, cold limiting factor |
| How elevation impacts climate | Higher elevation equals colder, less human settlements, harsher circumstances, thinner soil, extreme temperatures, sparse vegetation |
| Deforestation | Increased soil erosion, leads to impaired water cycle in specific ecosystems and ultimately the Earth. Destruction of large areas of forest due to clear cutting by humans |
| Global Warming | Increased use of fossil fuels, coal, oil, natural gas, and gasoline has increased levels of carbon dioxide in lower atmosphere (Greenhouse Effect) |
| Energy Development | Increased competition for scarce resources (coal) and increased local pollution levels like acidic rain. Petrolium production has negative impact by increasing human activity; hydroelectric projects alter terrain |
| Population Growth | Increased demand for food; As population increases, farming, construction, mining and energy development decrease |
| How regional natural resources impact economic and political decision making | Competing transportation costs for resources will determine locations of mills |
| How regional natural resources impact world economy | Creates shortages and causes economic decline in areas, in turn causes areas to have to import |
| How political lines are determined | Natural boundaries (rivers, mountain ranges, deserts, etc) |
| Two key factors for population growth rate | Birth and death rates |
| Limiting factors for population growth rate | Oxygen and water |
| Olmecs | Gulf Coast |
| Pawnee | Nebraska / Platt River |
| Cherokee | Southeast, North & South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Tennessee |
| Mayans | Southern Mexico / Yucatan |
| Inca | Peru / Chile |
| Azetc | Mexico |
| Nez Perce | Idaho / Oregon |
| Who was funded by Queen Isabella of Spain and landed in San Salvador, mistaking it for the Indies and later explored Cuba? | Christopher Columbus |
| Ships Columbus sailed with | Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria |
| Who sailed from Cuba to Mexico, founded Vera Cruz, and conquered teh Aztec Empire in 1591? | Hernan Corez |
| Who crossed Isthmus of Panama and discovered the Pacific Ocean? | Vasco Nunez de Balboa |
| Who sailed on a 3 year voyage around the world? | Ferdinand Magellan |
| Who overtook the Inca in Peru; established Lima & Peru? | Francisco Pizarro |
| Conquistidors | Spanish Soldiers who were granted trusteeship over indigenous people; seized land, increased taxes, and forced natives into slavery |
| Requerimeinto | Document threatening to enslave Native Americans if Spanish demands were not met |
| Encomienda | Oppression of Native Americans by the Spanish |
| Black Legend | Description of Spaniards oppression of Native Americans |
| The Great Migration | Result of persecution of the Puritans in the 1630s |
| Toleration Act | Freedom of religion in Baltimore to anyone professing to believe in Jesus Christ |
| Treaty of Tordesillas | Divided land between Spain and Portugal |
| John Cabot | aka Giovanni Catoto; English explorer of East Coast America |
| Who sailed around Africa to India and opened first all water trade route between Europe and Asia? | Da Gama |
| Who was the first European to sight NY? | Verrzonno |
| Who inspired Columbus with descriptions of the Far East? | Marco Polo |
| What colony was established in Chesapeake Bay, VA by John Smith? | Jamestown |
| Why did Jamestown fail? | Food shortages, Indian attacks, Malaria, Gold digging preoccupation |
| Who was the first governor of the Puritan colony in Cape Cod? | William Bradford |
| Who founded Rhode Island in 1636? | Roger Williams |
| Who founded PA and the Quaker settlement? | William Penn |
| North | Region with industrial economy; opposed slavery |
| South | Region with agricultural economy; tobacco, rice and cotton; supported slavery |
| Sugar Act | Great Britain taxed colonies on sugar, molasses, and wine |
| Stamp Act | Required an official stamp on all documents. John Adams stated, "The pot is set to boil" |
| Tea Act | Allowed British East Indie tea company to sell tea to colonies without paying tax; resulted in Boston Tea Party |
| Declaratory Act | Asserted British governments the right to impose taxes |
| Townsend Act | Duty tax, search, and seizure |
| Quartering Act | British soldiers were permitted to live in colonists homes for free |
| Boston Massacre | 6 colonists shot in Boston during fight between colonists and British troops |
| Trail of Tears | Andrew Jackson; Cherokee were forced to leave Georgia for Oklahoma; 4000 died |
| Manifest Destiny | Belief that US had a divine mission to expand and spread democracy and freedom |
| Louisiana Purchase | Thomas Jefferson; Purchased for $15 million |
| Treaty of Guadalupe | US acquired territories at the end of the Mexican War: NM, AZ, CA, CO, UT, NV |
| Gadsden Purchase | US purchase of what is now southern AZ and NM from Mexico |
| Alaska | William Seward; Purchased from Russia for $7 million |
| Hawaii | President McKinley; added to US in 1898 |
| Compromise of 1850 | Admitted CA as a free state |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | Allowed new states to decide slavery; repealed Missouri Compromise; split Louisiana Purchase into 2 territories; led slavery opponents to form Republican Party |
| The Movement | Fueled by Uncle Tom's Cabin - portrayed cruelties of slavery |
| Emancipation Proclamation | Lincoln; document published after no compromise was reached to end slavery in southern states |
| Post WWI | Economy of US expanded at unprecedented rates |
| Buying on Credit | Commonplace after WWI; by 1929, more than $7 billion owed to creditors |
| Stock Market Crash of 1929 | Great Depression; $25 billion investments lost; Congress passed Smoot-Hawley Tariff to increase revenues |
| Franklin Roosevelt | New Deal: FDIC, SSA, CCC, AAA; Entered WWII, Cash and Carry on weapons during WWII, Pearl Harbor |
| George Washington | Elected first President; set precedent for new Presidents; served two 4 year terms |
| James Madison | 4th president; "Father of Constitution"; War of 1812 |
| Thomas Jefferson | Louisiana Purchase; commissioned Lewis & Clarke |
| Abraham Lincoln | Civil War; ended slavery |
| John F. Kennedy | Challenged Congress to put a man on the moon; Headed Civil Rights movement during MLK; Space program; Vietnam |
| Richard Nixon | Watergate; Diplomatic opening with China; 27th Amendment; Roe v. Wade; Troops home from Vietnam |
| Ronald Reagan | End of Cold War; Berlin wall came down |
| Lyndon Johnson | Start of Vietnam War; 24th Amendment; abolished poll tax |
| Dwight Eisenhower | General during WWII |
| Woodrow Wilson | President during WWII |
| Steel | Driven by need for steam, oil, steel, and coal |
| Railroad | Beginning of development of cities; reduced families living on farms |
| WWI | US entered 3 years in b/c of Russian revolution |
| WWII | Japanese attack Pearl Harbor; US aided England and France |
| Gerard Mercator | created 1st projection map |
| Conic Projections | Superimposed a cone on globe |
| Equal-Area Projections | Maps today use equal-area projections with horizontal parallels |
| Characteristics of Ecosystems | Dynamic; interaction among livign and non-living members; self-sustaining; biomes are mutually supportive |
| Tundra | Cold temps; permafrost; no trees/tall plants; shrubby vegetations w/roots that don't penetrate subsoil; mosquitoes b/c of standing water |
| Tropical Forest | Variable rainfall; wet and dry seasons; high amounts of light; high number of tree species |
| Desert | Less than 30 cm of annual rainfall; aren't always hot; some cold at night, some cold year-round; cacti-succulents; desert mice, snakes, nocturnal species |
| Grassland | Seasonal drought; periodic fires; grasses predominant vegetation; nutrients stored underground; birds, small rodents, grazing mammals |
| Savannah | Alternate rainy seasons with periods of drought; periodic fires; perennial grasses, flowering trees, fire adapted; large herbivores (zebras), their predators (lions), predominant herbivores are insects (ants, termites) |
| Freshwater Biomes | less than 1% salt concentration; only cover a small area of Earth's surface; include swamps, ponds, lakes |
| Marine Biomes | 3% salt concentration; found through-out 75% of Earths surface |
| Rivers | Moving water; oxygen content of water is high |
| Elevation | Earth grows colder at higher elevations; temps drop 3.5 degrees F for every 1,000 feet of altitude |
| Latitude | As Earth tilts and rotates, various areas receive more direct rays from sun |
| Political policies of US | Dictated by presence or lack of natural resources |
| US demand for petroleum | Dictated that the US will be more involved in mid-east countries to protect oil supply |
| Japan after WWI | Wold power & industrial giant; no natural resources (iron, ore, rubber, oil) |
| Consumption of Natural Resources | As demand increases, the ability to keep supply and cost down decreases |
| Factors influencing society development | climate, locations, natural boundaries, technology, natural resources |
| President | Commander/Chief |
| Vice President | Leader of Senate |
| Legislative Brance | Congress, House of Rep. Senate |
| Congress | Declare war, maintain military, regulate commerce, coin money |
| House of Rep. | 2 year term; reps per state based on state's population; tax laws, power to impeach President, decide if gov. officials go to trial |
| Senate | 6 year term; 100 members; Power to remove official from office, hold trials for gov't officials, confirm or disapprove treaties or Pres. appts. |
| Judicial Branch | Supreme Court |
| Federal Judiciary Act | Gave judges appointments for life |
| Participation | Examples: voting in local, state and national elections |
| National Power | Govt. exerpts power over states by direct orders, preemption of auth, and grants in aid |
| State Power | States have limited power over fed. govt; can exercise power through lobbying |
| Fundamental Federalism | Basic rules of federalism were established |
| Dual Federalism | National & state govts had distinct jurisdictions and didn't intrude upon each other |
| Cooperative Federalism | National government stepped in when states were unable to solve problems |
| Coercive Federalism | National govt assumed so much power that state and local govts were reduced to minor roles |
| Devolutionary Federalism | Govt began transferring authority back to each state |
| Strength of 2 party system | Allows for greater representation of people |
| Weakness of 2 party system | Excludes any opinions outside of 2 parties |
| Articles of Confederation | Left too much power to states and not enough to govt. |
| Constitution | Framers challenged to write a form of govt that would adhere principles fought for in Revolutionary War |
| Bill of Rights | Citizens felt Constitution was not enough and insisted Bill of Rights be added before radification |
| Marbury v. Madison | Unconstitutional to force appointments |
| Dred Scott | Missouri Compromise unconstitutional |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Challenged Separate Railroad Car Act of 1892; Court upheld act |
| Brown v. Board of Education | Court ruled separate but equal education unconstitutional; Reversed Plessy v. Ferguson |
| Roe v. Wade | Women has right to terminate pregnancy |
| Susan B. Anthony | Paved way for women's rights; 19th Amendment |
| Federalists | Represented educated property owners; supported Constitution; promised Bill of Rights |
| Anti-Federalists | Worried about centralized govt w/ too much power; wanted to keep govt local |
| Cesar Chavez | Founded Farm Workers Assoc; organized migrant workers through CA |
| Ponce de Leon | Discovered Florida while searching for Fountain of Youth |
| War of 1812 | Britain and US |
| Headright System | System of land distribution; workers came from Britain for specified time in exchange for 50 acres of land, free passage to US |
| Missouri Compromise | Admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state |
| Fugitive Slave Law | Made it easier for slave owners to recapture runaway slaves |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | Affirmed and expanded power of govt to regulate interstate commerce |
| Miller v. Oregon | established special protections for working women |
| 7 years war | Britain against France for control of US; French and Indian War |
| 2nd Continental Congress | Organized Continental Army and commissioned Washington to lead it |
| Dartmouth College v. Woodward | Ruled that Constitution protected charters given to corporations by states |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | Banking case asserted supremacy of federal power over state power |
| 1st Continental Congress | Delegates from 12 colonies in 1774 |
| Sir Walter Raleigh | Established first English colony at Roanoke Island |
| Andrew Johnson | Black Codes; Jim Crow laws, CRA |
| Theodore Roosevelt | US Steel Corp; International Harvest Corp; Northern Securites Corp |
| Herbert Hoover | Refused to do much during Great Depression |
| Harry Truman | A-bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki; Truman Doctrine - $400 million in military aid to Greece and Turkey; Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe |
| Executive Branch | Approve or veto bills; make treaties; grant pardons; enforce laws; commission officers; head of state; appoints cabinet members and National CEO |
| Bleeding Kansas | Anti-slavery extermist John Brown and followers took 5 pro-slavery ment from cabins in Kansas and murdered them |
| Events that fueled Civil War conflict over slavery | Territorial expansion (Compromise of 1850), Fugitive Slave Act, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Bleeding Kansas |
| Great Society Programs | Federal funds to schools, program for disadvantaged preschoolers, federal intervention to protect African American voting in 6 states, insurance program for people over 65 |
| How regional natural resources impact international relations | Possession of rare materials (South Africa) and large deposits of energy resources (Saudi Arabia) strenghten a states position in global affairs. Fewer resources can be overcome (Japan) |
| 1st Amendment | Five Freedoms: Speech, religion, press, assemly, peaceful protest |
| 2nd Amendment | Right to bear arms |
| 3rd Amendment | Quartering Soldiers |
| 4th Amendment | Unreasonable search/seizure |
| 5th Amendment | Right to due process |
| 6th Amendment | Due process continued |
| 7th Amendment | Civil Law |
| 8th Amendment | Bail, fines, cruel punishment |
| 9th Amendment | Protection of unlisted rights |
| 10th Amendment | Power of states & people |
| 11th Amendment | Suites against the states |
| 12th Amendment | Electing President / VP |
| 13th Amendment | Slavery ended |
| 14th Amendment | Citizens rights in the states / Equal protection |
| 15th Amendment | Voting of African Americans |
| 16th Amendment | Income Tax |
| 17th Amendment | Election of Senators / 6 year term |
| 18th Amendment | Prohibition of alcohol |
| 19th Amendment | Right to vote for women |
| 20th Amendment | Executive & Legislative Terms of Office |
| 21th Amendment | Repeal of prohibition |
| 22nd Amendment | President restricted to two 4 yr terms |
| 23rd Amendment | Right to vote in DC |
| 24th Amendment | Poll tax prohibited |
| 25th Amendment | Presidential succession |
| 26th Amendment | Voting age lowered to 18 |
| 27th Amendment | Laws changing congressional compensation |
Created by:
Grace2495
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