CLEP study guide definitions
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| Achieved Status | A position in society and/or group that is assumed largely through one's own doings or efforts.
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| Aggregate | A number of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time.
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| Ascribes Status | A position in society and/or group that is automatically conferred on a person.
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| Association | A type of relationship formed on the basis of an accommodation of interests of on the basis of an agreement.
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| Audience | A type of passive crowd that is both oriented and responding to a social situation in a relatively orderly and predictable way.
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| Bureaucracy | A rationally designed organization model whose goal is to perform complex tasks as efficiently as possible.
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| Causal Relationship | Exists when a change in one variable causes or forces a change in the other.
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| Characteristic Institution | The basis organization of society.
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| Charismatic Authority | Authority based on the extraordinary, uncanny, and supernatural powers or abilities that have been associated with a particular person.
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| Class | A group of people who have in common a certain relationship to the means of production.
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| Communal Relationship | A relationship that is formed on the basis of the subjective feelings of the party.
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| Conflict Paradigm | View of society as being characterized by conflict and inequality.
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| Conflict Theory | A view of the social world that questions how factors are associated with an unequal distribution of socially valued goods.
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| Contagion theory | Theory developed by Gustave Lebon. Crowds have a powerful influence.
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| Content Analysis | The quantitive or qualitive techniques employed to describe the contents of the materials.
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| Convergence Theory | A theory that individuals posses particular motivations.
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| Counterculture | Values, beliefs, and lifestyles that do not conform to the norm.
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| Craze | Collective behavior to have something because everyone else does.
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| Cultural Relativism | Social scientists efforts to be objective in their observations.
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| Deductive Theory | Proceeds from general ideas, knowledge, or understanding of the social world.
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| Division of Labor | The manner in which work is divided among individuals.
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| Dyad | The social relationship of two people in which either member's departure destroys the group.
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| Emergent norm Theory | Theory developed by Ralph Turner and Lewis Killian.
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| Endogamy | Marriage within specific groups.
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| Ethnocentrism | Attitude that one culture and values are the only true ones.
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| Exogamy | Marriage outside specific groups.
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| Folkways | The usual customs and conventions of everyday life.
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| Gemeinschaft | Ferdinand Tonnies. Small communities characterized by tradition
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| Gesellschaft | Ferdinand Tonnies. Contractual relationships of a voluntary nature of limited duration and quality.
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| Grand Theory | Talcott Parsons. Organization of concepts of society as a stable system of interrelated parts.
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| Humanistic | Approach that stresses self-realization, full development of a cultivated personality, and improvement of the human condition.
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| Independent variable | A variable that influences another variable.
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| Inductive theory | General conclusions are inferred through a process of reasoning.
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| In groups | Groups towards which a person feels he or she belongs.
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| Interaction Process Analysis | Robert Bales. Classifying ongoing activity in small groups.
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| Interpretive Theory | Studies the processes whereby human beings attach meaning to their lives.
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| Iron Law of Oligarchy | Robert Michels. Small number of specialists hold sway over an organization.
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| Kinship | Symbolic meaning or value to actual or imagined blood ties.
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| Mass Hysteria | A collective emotional response to tensions and anxiety in a group.
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| Master Status | The status with which the person is most identified.
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| Monogamy | Having one spouse at a time.
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| Mores | Strong ethical norms of a society.
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| Neolocality | When newlyweds live in a new or separate residence.
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| Out groups | Groups towards which a person feels a sense of competition or opposition.
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| Parkinsons Law | Belief that in any bureaucratic organization "work expands to fill time available for it's completion."
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| Participant Observation | Observation by a researcher who is involved in the experiment.
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| Peter Principle | Belief that in any hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence.
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| Post industrial Societies | Societies in which information is created, processed, and stored.
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| Primary Deviance | Behavior violating a norm
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| Primary Sector | Involved in the extraction of raw materials and natural resources.
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| Primary Socialization | The initial socialization a child receives that makes them part of society
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| The visceral sphere capable of being understood and altered. | Profane.
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| Qualitive Method | Research method that relies on personal observation to explain behavior.
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| Quantitive Method | Research method that makes us use mathematical equations and statistical thinking to solve behavior.
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| Rational legal Authority | Authority stemming from within the frameworks of a body of laws that have been dully enacted.
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| Resocialization | Discarding behavioral practices and adopting new ones as a way of life.
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| Sociology | The science that studies societies, social groups, and the relationships between people.
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| Sociometry | J.L. Moreno. Interaction in small groups.
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| Stratified Sampling | A type of sampling that uses the differences already in society.
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| Totalitarian | A form of government where there is not a limit for authority.
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