Fish
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| fish | ancestors of all land animals
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| agnatha | jawless fish that is no longer a taxonomic term
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| 530 million | fish evolved __________ years ago
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| 41 percent | percentage of freshwater fish species
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| 26,000 living species; more than all other vertebrate groups combined | how many living fish species?
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| 800 x more | fish adapted to lived in a medium __________ dense than air
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| salt and water balance | fish can adjust to _____________ of environment
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| 1/20th | gills extract oxygen from water that has ___________ the oxygen of air
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| aquatic | environment both shaped and constrained fishes evolution
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| free-swimming protochordate | fish descended from __________________ ancestors
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| agnathans | earliest fish-like vertebrates include extinct ostracoderms, and living lampreys and hagfishes
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| placoderms | fish with paired appendages and jaws that went extinct in Carboniferous with no living descendants
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| cartilaginous fishes | lost heavy armor and adopted cartilage as skeleton; flourished during some periods, becoming nearly extinct during others
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| bony fish | dominant fishes today
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| ray finned and lobe finned | two distinct lineages of bony fish
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| ray finned bony fish | radiated to form modern bony fishes
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| lobe finned | sister group to tetrapods; include lungfishes and the coelacanth
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| oviparous sharks and rays | lay an egg capsule immediately after fertilization that attaches to kelp with tendrils; may take up to two years before mini adult hatches
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| ovoviviparous sharks | retain fertilized eggs in reproductive system where they are nourished by yolk of egg; "live" birth
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| viviparous sharks | nourish embryos with maternal bloodstream; "live" birth
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| live births | make it more likely more of the young survive but no other care is given after birth
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| trunk and tail muscles | propel fish forward by undulations
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| large, rigid head | minimizes yaw
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| less yaw and a fast fish | created by a very rigid body
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| tail or caudal fin | largest fin is the ___________ for rapid forward movement
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| dorsal fins and anal fins | assist with lateral stability
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| gill covers | operculum
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| pectoral fins | assist with hovering and slow turning
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| pelvic fins | often small for open water swimmers but larger on bottom dwellers which use them for resting on
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| heavier | fish are slightly ___________ than water
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| fatty liver | a shark has a very ____________ that makes it a little buoyant; must also keep swimming to move it forward and angle itself up
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| swim bladder | bottom dwelling fishes lack a ______________
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| volume of gas | fish an control depth by adjusting ______________ to bladder
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| gulp air | some fish _____________ to fill swim bladder
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| gill filaments | folds of tissue inside the pharyngeal cavity covered by the operculum
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| 85% of O2 from H2O | continuous water flow opposite blood flow through capillaries maximizes gas exchange allowing some fish to remove ________________
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| ram ventilation | forward movement pushes more water over gills
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| lungfish | use lungs
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| eels | use skin
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| bowfin | use gills at low temperatures and air bladder at higher temperatures
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| electric eel | has degenerate gills and must gulp air
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| searching for food and eating | fish spend most of their time __________________
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| zooplankton, insect larvae, and other aquatic animals | most carnivores feed on ______________________
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| swallow food whole | since it would block flow of water across gills, most fish ________________________ although a few have teeth that crack prey or have some molars in throat
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| plants and algae | some herbivores eat ______________________
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| suspension feeders | eat plankton using gill rakers to strain food; these fish swim in large schools
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| stomach | used for storage
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| intestines | absorb and digest nutrients
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| catadromous | develop in freshwater but spawn in seawater
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| anadromous | living in sea but spawing in freshwater
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