Genetics Chapter 17 Human Heredity
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Pathogens | Disease- causing agents such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites
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Skin | A barrier, organisms set up conditions unfavorable to pathogens
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Innate | Broad , against bacteria in general
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Adaptive | Specificity, memory, vertebrates
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Three defenses against infection | Skin, inflammation, and the immune response
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Complement System | A chemical defense system that kills microorganisms directly, supplements the inflammatory response, and works with (complements) the immune system
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Membrane Attack Complex | Part of complement cascade, invade microorganism's plasma membrane, create pores through which fluids can flow, creating pores that eventually burst the microorganism
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Inflammation | Redness Pain Heat Swelling, body's reaction to invading microorganisms, nonspecific active defense system
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Histamine | A chemical signal produced by mast cells that triggers dilation of blood vessels
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Genetic predisposition to Crohn disease | Chromosome 16, Chronic inflammation, inflammatory bowel disease (like ulcerative colitis)
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Immunity | Terrific when targeted at bad guy, but bad when targeted at you. REGULATION IS KEY.
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Specific responses (Adaptive) | Antibody mediated immunity, and Cell mediated immunity
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Antibody- mediated immunity | Regulated by B cells and antibody production
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Cell-mediated immunity | Controlled by T cells
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Antibodies three main functions | 1. Bind to things, Neutralize 2. Opsonize- flag something for a macrophage to eat 3. Kick off complement cascade
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Lymphocytes | White blood cells that originate in bone marrow and mediate the immune response
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Stem Cells | Cells in bone marrow that produce lymphocytes by mitotic division
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B cell | A type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and mediated antibody- directed immunity, only makes one type of antibody
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T cell | A type of lymphocyte that undergoes maturation in the thymus and mediates cellular immunity. Programmed in the thymus to produce unique T-cell receptors
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Antibodies | Y shaped proteins produced by B cells that bind to specific foreign molecules antigens and inactivate them. Secreted by effector cells
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Antigens | Molecules that initiate antibody production, carried or produced by microorganisms
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T- cell receptors | Unique proteins on surface of the T cells that bind to specific proteins on the surface of cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or intracellular parasites
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Binding to an antigen stimulates | B or T cell to divide, producing many clones with the same antibody or TCR - Most polymorphic locus
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Major hisocompatability complex | Genes on chromosome 6 that encode recognition molecules that prevent the immune system from attacking a body's own organs and tissues.
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Antibody- mediated immunity (Humoral) | Immune reaction mediated by B cells that protects against invading viruses and bacteria using antibodies produced by plasma cells
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Cell- mediated immunity | Immune reaction mediated by T cells directed against body cells that have been infected by viruses or bacteria
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Helper T cell | Stimulates production of antibodies by B cells when an antigen is present. Stimulates division of B cells and cytotoxic T cells
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Antigen detection | B cells bind to antigens and become antigen presenting cells
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Activation of helper T cells | Activated helper T cells identify and activate specific B cells
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Antibody production by B cells | Activated B cells form two types of daughter cells: effector cells and memory B cells
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Effector cells | Daughter cells of B cells, which synthesize and secrete 2,000 to 20,000 antibody molecules per second into the bloodstream
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Memory B cell | A long- lived B cell produced after primary exposure to an antigen that plays an important role in secondary immunity
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Immunoglobulins | Five classes of proteins to which antibodies belong ( IgG IgA IgE IgM IgD)
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Cytokines | Made by T cells
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Suppressor T cells | Stop immune responses of B cells, other T cells
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Cytotoxic "killer" T cells | Secrete perforin to destroy infected body cells, and directly attack viruses, bacteria, cancer cells and transplanted organs
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