Ch. 9 - 10.2
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| the total value of all goods and services prodced by a country | gross national product
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| in 1859, drilled the first oil well near titusville, pennsylvania | Edwin Drake
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| "let people do as they choose" | laissez-faire
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| people who risk their capital in organizing and running a business | entrepreneurs
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| reversed years of declining tariffs | Morrill Tariff
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| In 1876, a Scottish-American invented the telephone | Alexander Graham Bell
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| one of the most famous inventors of the late 1800's | Thomas Alva Edison
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| this act provided for the construction of a transcontinental railroad by two | Pacific Railway Act
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| a former union general, the union pacific began pushing westward from Omaha, Nebraska, in 1865 | Grenville Dodge
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| became governor of California and later served as a U.S. senator after foudning standord University in 1885 | Leland Stanford
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| a former boat captain who had built the largest steamboat fleet in america | Cornelius Vanderbilt
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| regions where the same time was kept | time zones
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| was a construction company set up by several stockholders of the union pacific, including Oakes Ames | Credit Mobilier
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| Built and operated teh Great Northern Railroad from St. Paul, Minnesota, to Everett, Washington, without any federal land grants or subsidies. | James J. Hill
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| corporation | an organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a single person
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| stockholders | people who own the corporation
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| stock | shares of ownership of a corporation
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| economies of scale | is when corporatoins make goods more cheaply because they produce so much so quickly using large manufacturing facilities
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| fixed costs | are cost a company has to pay
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| operating costs | are costs that occur when running a company
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| pools | agreements to maintain prices at a certain level
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| andrew carnegie | illustrated many of the different factors that led to industrialism and the rise of big business
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| horizontal integration | or combining many firms engaged in the same type of business into one large corporation
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| monopoly | when a single company achieves control of an entire market
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| deflation | or a rise in the value of money
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| trade unions | limited to people with specific skills
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| industrial unions | united all craft workers and common workers and common laborers in a particular industry
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| blacklist | workers who tried to organize a union or strike were fired and placed on a list of "troublemakers".
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| marxism | ideas of karl marx
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| knights of labor | the first nationwide industrial union
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| arbitration |
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| a process in which an impartial third party helps workers and management reach an agreement |
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| Samuel Gompers | American Federation of Labor's first leader
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| closed shops | meaning that companies could only hire union members
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| Women's Trade Union League | the first national assocation dedicated to promoting women's labor issues
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| Steerage | the most basic and cheapest accommodations on a steamship
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| Edward Steiner | An Iowa clergyman who posed as an immigrant in order to write a book on immigration.
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| Ellis Island | a tiny island in New York Harbor which served as the processing center for many of the immigrants arriving on the East Coast after 1892
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| Jacob Riis | A Danish-born journalist, observed in 1890 that a map of NYC, “colored to designate nationalities, would show more stripes than on the skin of a zebra
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| Angel Island | Cal. Opened a barracks on it to accommodate the Asian immigrants
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| Nativism | Is an extreme dislike for foreigners by native-born people and a desire to limit immigration
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| American Protective Association | founder, Henry Bowers, despised Catholics and foreigners and committed his group to stopping immigration
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| Workingman’s Party of California | Denis Karney, an Irish immigrant, organized group in 1870’s to fight Chinese immigration
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| Chinese Exclusion Act | the law barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens
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| Skyscrapers | Tall steel frame buildings began to appear on American skylines
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| Louis Sullivan | contributed to the design of skyscrapers
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| Frank J. Sprague | developed the electric trolley car
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| High society | Established fashionable districts in the hearts of cities
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| Middle-Class gentility | Included doctors, lawyers, engineers, managers, social workers, architects, and teachers
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| The Working Class | Majority of American city dwellers at the turn of the century would have considered an eight-room house an absolute luxury
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| Tenements | dark and crowded multi-family apartments
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| party bosses | provided necessities
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| George Plunkitt | an Irish immigrant who rose to be one of NYC’s most powerful party bosses
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| Graft | fraud; getting money through dishonest or questionable means
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| Political machine | an informal political group designed to gain and keep power, came about party because cities had grown much faster than their governments
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| William M. “Boss” Tweed | was Tammany hall’s corrupt leader during the 1860’s and 1870’s
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