Physiology
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| 5 Functions of the Skeleton | Support. Protection. Leverage for movement. Mineral, lipid, and growth factor storage. Blood Cell Production
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| 2 Classifications by Location | Axial Skeleton & Appendicular Skeleton
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| Components: Skull, Vertebral Column, Rib cage. Primary Functions: Protection, and Support | Axial Skeleton
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| Components: Shoulder bones, & upper limps; Hip bones, & lower limbs. Functions: Leverage for Locomotion, Leverage for manipulation for the environment | Appendicular Skeleton
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| 4 Classifications by shape | Long, Short, Flat, & Irregular Bones
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| 2 Chemical Composition of Bone | Osteoid & Hydroxyapatites
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| One Third of Extracellular Matrix | Osteoid
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| Two thirds of Extracellular Matrix | Hydroxyapatites
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| Composed of: Ground Substance (proteoglycans & glycoproteins) & Collagen Fibers | Osteoid
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| Mineral Salts-Mostly calcium phosphate | Hydroxyapatites
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| Made by osteoblasts | Osteoid
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| Tiny crystals arranged tightly around the collagen fibers of the extracellular matrix. | Hydroxyapatites
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| Contributes to bone flexability and tensile strength that allow bones to withstand stretching and twisting. | Osteoid
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| Contributes to bone hardness and ability to resist compression. | Hydroxyapatites
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| In embryos, leads to develpment of the body skeleton | Osteogenesis or Ossification
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| Until adulthood, leads to growth of the skeleton | Osteogenesis or Ossification
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| In adulthood, leads to some increase in thickness of bones. Primarily leads to remodeling and repair of bones. | Osteogenesis or Ossification
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| Process of bone tissue formation | Osteogenesis or Ossification
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| Bones can develop from 2 different tissues during embryonic development | Fibrous Connective Tissue (Intramembranous Ossification) & Hyaline Cartilage(Endochondral Ossification)
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| Leads to the formation of most bones in the skull and miscellaneos other bones (clavicle, sesamoid bones) | Intramembranous Ossification (Fibrous Connective Tissue)
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| Bones of the skelton from the base of the skull down (with a few exceptions) | Endochondral Ossification (Hyaline Cartilage)
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| Bone deposition and resorption for the purpose of shaping, strengthening or repairing bone | Bone Growth & Remodeling
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| Based off the action of osteoblasts & osteoclasts | Bone Growth & Remodeling
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| Growth in thickness/diameter | Bone Growth & Remodeling
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| Growth in length | Bone Growth & Remodeling
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| An extension of endochondral ossification (cartilage forms and is replaced by bone) | Growth in Length
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| Osteoblasts of periosteum lay down new bone. Osteoclasts of endosteum at spongy/compact bone interface remove internal bone (helps keep bones light) | Growth in thinkness/diameter
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| Every week we recycle 5-7% of our bone mass | Rate of bone remodeling in adults
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| Spongy bone is replaced every 3-4 years | Rate of bone remodeling in adults
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| Compact bone is replaced every 10 years | Rate of bone remodeling in adults
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| Rate is variable based on location | Rate of bone remodeling in adults
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| At any given location, rate of bone destruction and deposition is approximately equal in healthy adults | Rate of bone remodeling in adults
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| Control of Remodeling | Hormones
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| Promotes calcium and phosphate ion absorption by digestive tract | Calcitriol (kidneys)
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| Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix (pituitary gland) | Growth Hormone (pituitary gland)
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| Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix (thyroid gland) | Thyroxine (thyroid gland)
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| Stimulates osteoblast activity and the synthesis of bone matrix (ovaries/testes) | Sex Hormones (ovaries/testes)
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| Stimulates osteoclasts activity; elevates calcium ion concentration in body fluids | Parathyroid Hormone (parathyroid glands)
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| inhibits osteoclast activity, promotes calcium loss at kidneys, and reduces calcium ion concentration in body fluid | Calcitonin (thyroid gland)
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| Bones are hollow in the middle | Mechanical Stress
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| Long bones are thickest midway along the shaft | Mechanical Stress
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| Curved bones are thickest where they are most likely to buckle | Mechanical Stress
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| Trabeculea of spongy bones from trusses (struts) along lines of compression | Mechanical Stress
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| Large bone projections occur where heavy, active muscles attach | Mechanical Stress
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| Bones of infants and bedridden people are featureless | Mechanical Stress
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| relatively long & slendor (phalanges, ulna, radius) | Long Bones
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| roughly cubed shaped (carpals, tarsals, sesamoid bones) | Short Bones
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| thin, flattened, slightly curved (sternum, scapula, ribs, many skull bones, sutural bones) | Flat Bones
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| complicated shapes (vertebrae, ossa coxae, many facial bones) | Irregular Bones
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| 2 types of bone density | Compact & Spongy Bone
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| External part of bone | Compact Bone
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| Looks smooth and solid to naked eye | Compact Bone
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| Internal part of bone | Spongy Bone
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| Honeycomb of osseous tissue called trabeculae | Spongy Bone
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| Filled with bone marrow | Spongy Bone
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| 2 structures of typical long bone | Diaphysis & Epiphyses
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| Shaft of the bone | Diaphysis
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| Compact bone externally | Diaphysis
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| Central medullary cavity that contains bone marrow | Diaphysis
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| Larger Diameter than Diaphysis | Epiphyses
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| Compact bone externally | Epiphyses
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| Spongy bone internally | Epiphyses
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| Layer of spongy bone (diploe) sandwiched between compact bone | Structure of a typical short, irregular or flat bone
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| Spongy bone contains bone marrow, although no marrow cavity is present | Structure of a typical short, irregular or flat bone
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| 2 types of bone marrow | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)& Yellow Marrow
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| Found in all medullary cavities and spongy bone in infants. | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)
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| Usually restricted to proximal epiphysis of the humerus and femur and to spongy bone of flat and irregular bones (hips, sternum) in adults. | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)
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| Responsible for blood cell formation. | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)
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| Can reform in long bones if anemia occurs | Hematopoietic Tissue (red marrow)
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| Adipose tissue used to store lipids | Yellow Marrow
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| Replaces most red marrow in bone marrow cavities and spongy bones of adults | Yellow Marrow
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| 2 types of membranes | Periosteum & Endosteum
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| Covers entire outer surface of bone except joint surfaces | Periosteum
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| Outer layer is dense irregular connective tissue | Periosteum
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| Inner layer composed primarily of oseoprogenitor cells along with osteoblast and osteoclasts | Periosteum
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| Collagen fibers incorporated into the bone called perforatiing fibers | Periosteum
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| Continuous with joint capsules, tendons, and ligaments | Periosteum
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| Covers trabeculae of spongy bone and lines canals that pass through compact bone | Endosteum
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| Composed of an osteogenic layer of cells containing osteoblasts and osteoclasts | Endosteum
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| Lacks the dense irregular connective tissue present in the periosteum | Endosteum
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| Populate Bone tissue | Bone Cells
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| 4 types of bone cells | Osteoprogenitor Cells, Osteoblasts, Osteocytes, & Osteoclasts
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| Stem Cells | Osteoprogenitor Cells
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| Produce daughter cells known as osteoblasts | Osteoprogenitor Cells
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| Bone cells that produce new extracellular matrix (osteoid) | Osteoblasts
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| Encourage accumulation of calcium salts in the extracellular matrix | Osteoblasts
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| Mature osteoblasts that have been completely surrounded by bone matrix | Osteocytes
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| Maintain the protein and mineral content of the surrounding extracellular matrix | Osteocytes
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| Participate in bone repair | Osteocytes
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| Large, Multi-nucleated cells | Osteoclasts
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| Produce by myeloid stem cells (myeloid known primarily for producing blood cells) | Osteoclasts
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| Secrete acids and proteolytic enzymes that digest bone | Osteoclasts
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| Strucural unit of compact bone | Osteon (Harversian System)
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| Concentric rings of bone | Lamella
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| Collagen fibers and salt crystals lie in opposite directions in adjacent lemella | Lamella
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| Contains blood vessels and nerve fibers | Central (harversian) Canal & Perforating (volkmann's) Canal
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| Lie at right angles to length of bone | Perforating (volkmann's) Canal
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| Connection to the exterior | Perforating (volkmann's) Canal
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| Small cavities between lamella | Lucunae
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| Contain Osteocytes | Lucunae
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| Small cavaties extending into the lamella | Canaliculi
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| Allow osteocytes to communicate via gap junctions | Canaliculi
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| Appears to be poorly organized | Microscopic structure of spongy bone
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| Trabeculae actually arranged along lines of stress | Microscopic structure of spongy bone
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| Contains irregularly arranged lamella and osteocytes interconnected by canaliculi | Microscopic structure of spongy bone
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| Very light-weight but resistant to stress in multiple planes | Microscopic structure of spongy bone
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