chapter4
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| aerosol | a pressurized container with propellant used to administer a drug through oral inhalation into the lungs
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| aromatic water | a solution of water containing oils or other substances that have a pungent, and usually pleasing, smell and are easily released into the air
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| buccal route of administration | a transmucosal route of administration in which a drug is placed between the gum and the inner lining of the cheek
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| cannula | the barrel of a syringe or bore area inside the syringe that correlates with the volume of solution
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| caplet | a hybrid solid dosage formulation sharing characteristics of both a tablet and a capsule
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| capsule | the dosage form containing powder, liquid, or granules in a gelatin covering
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| chewable tablet | a solid oral dosage form meant to be chewed that is readily absorbed; commonly prescribed for school-age children
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| colloid | the dispersion of ultrafine particles in a liquid formulation
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| conjunctival route of administration | the placement of sterile ophthalmic medications in the conjunctival sac of the eye(s)
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| controlled-release (CR) dosage form | a dosage form that is formulated to release medication over a long duration
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| cream | a cosmetically acceptable oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion for topical use on the skin
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| delayed-release (DR) formulation | a dosage form, such as an enteric-coated aspirin tablet, that contains a special coating designed to delay absorption of the medication and to resist breakdown by acidic gastric fluids
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| diluent | an inactive ingredient that allows for the appropriate concentration of the medication in the tablet or capsule; also used to reconstitute parenteral products
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| discus | a device that contains nonaerosolized powder that is used for inhalation
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| dispersion | a liquid dosage form in which undissolved ingredients are mixed throughout a liquid vehicle
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| dosage form | the physical manifestation of a drug for example, capsule or a tablet
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| dropper | a device used to accurately measure medication dosage for infants
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| drug delivery system | a design feature of the dosage form that affects the delivery of the drug; such a system may protect the stomach or delay the release of the active drug
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| effervescent salts | granular salts that release gas and dispense active ingredients into solution when placed in water
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| elixir | a clear, sweetened, flavored solution containing water and ethanol
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| embolism | a blockage of a blood vessel from a blood clot or inadvertent injection of an air bubble
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| emulsion | the dispersion of a liquid in another liquid varying in viscosity
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| enema | a solution, such as a Fleets enema, to be administered into the rectum to evacuate colon contents
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| enteric-coated tablet (ECT) | a tablet coating designed to resist destruction by the acidic pH of the gastric fluids and to delay the release of the active ingredient
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| extended-release (XL) formulation | a tablet or capsule designed to reduce frequency of dosing compared with immediate-release and most sustained-release formulations
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| extract | a potent dosage form derived from animal or plant sources from which most or all the solvent has been evaporated to produce a powder, an ointment-like form, or a solid
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| film-coated tablet (FCT) | a tablet coated with a thin outer layer that prevents serious GI side effects
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| fluidextract | a liquid dosage form prepared by extraction from plant sources and commonly used in the formulation of syrups
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| gel | a dispersion containing fine particles for topical use on the skin
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| glycerogelatin | a topical preparation made with gelatin, glycerin, water, and medicinal substances
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| granules | a dosage form larger than powders that are formed by adding very small amounts of liquid to powders
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| inhalation route of administration | the administration of a drug by inhalation into the lungs; also called intrarespiratory route of administration
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| injection | the administration of a parenteral medication into the bloodstream, muscle, or skin
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| insulin pen | a portable device in which the dose of insulin can be easily dialed up prior to administration
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| intranasal route of administration | the placement of sprays or solutions into the nose
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| intrauterine device (IUD) | a device that delivers medication to prevent conception
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| intravenous (IV) infusion | the process of injecting fluid or medication into the veins, usually over a prolonged period of time
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| irrigating solution | any solution used for cleansing or bathing an area of the body, such as the eyes or ears
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| IV bolus injection | an injection in which a drug is administered intravenously all at once
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| IV infusion | an infusion in which a drug is administered intravenously slowly over a given period
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| jelly | a gel that contains a higher proportion of water in combination with a drug substance, as well as a thickening agent
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| liniment | a medicated topical preparation, such as Ben Gay, that is applied to the skin
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| liquid | any free-flowing fluid that is commonly used to dissolve solids
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| localized effect | the site-specific application of a drug
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| lotion | a liquid for topical application that contains insoluble dispersed solids or immiscible liquids
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| lozenge | a medication in a sweet-tasting formulation that is absorbed in the mouth; also known as a troche
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| magma | a milk like liquid colloidal dispersion, such as milk of magnesia, in which particles remain distinct, in a two-phase system
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| metered-dose inhaler (MDI) | a device used to administer a drug in the form of compressed gas through the mouth and into the lungs
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| micro emulsion | a clear formulation that contains one liquid of extremely fine size droplets dispersed in another liquid; for example Haley's M-O
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| multiple compression tablet (MCT) | a tablet formulation on top of a tablet or a tablet within a tablet, produced by multiple compressions in manufacturing
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| nebulizer | a device used to deliver medication in a fine-mist form to the lungs; often used in treating asthma
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| needle | a thin, hollow transfer device used with a syringe to inject drugs into the body or withdraw fluids such as blood from the body
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| ocular route of administration | the placement of sterile ophthalmic medications into the eye
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| oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion | an emulsion containing a small amount of oil dispersed in water, as in a cream
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| ointment | a semisolid emulsion for topical use on the skin
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| oral disintegrating tablet (ODT) | a solid oral dosage form designed to dissolve quickly on the tongue for oral absorption and ease of administration without water
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| oral route of administration | the administration of medication through swallowing for absorption along the GI tract into systemic circulation
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| oral syringe | a needle less device for administering medication to pediatric or older adult patients unable to swallow tablets or capsules
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| osmotic pressure system | a drug delivery system in which the drug is slowly “pushed out” into the bloodstream
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| otic route of administration | the placement of solutions or suspensions into the ear
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| parenteral route of administration | the injection or infusion of fluids and/or medications into the body, bypassing the GI tract
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| parenteral solution | a product that is prepared in a sterile environment for administration by injection
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| paste | a water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion containing more solid material than an ointment
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| patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) infusion device | a device controlled by a patient to deliver small doses of medication for chronic pain relief
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| pharmaceutics | the study of the release characteristics of various dosage forms or drug formulations
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| pharmacokinetics | the study of how drugs are absorbed into the bloodstream, circulated in tissues throughout the body, inactivated, and eliminated from the body
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| phlebitis | an inflammation of the vein from the administration of drugs
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| plaster | a solid or semisolid, medicated or non medicated preparation that adheres to the skin
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| powders | fine particles of medication used in tablets and capsules
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| pyrogen | a fever-producing by-product of microbial metabolism
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| rectal route of administration | the delivery of medication via the rectum
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| route of administration | a way of getting a drug onto or into the body, such as orally, topically, or parenterally
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| solute | an ingredient dissolved in a solution or dispersed in a suspension
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| solution | a liquid dosage form in which the active ingredients are completely dissolved in a liquid vehicle
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| solvent | the vehicle that makes up the greater part of a solution
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| spacer device | a device commonly prescribed for children and older adults to assist in the administration of drugs from MDIs; medication can be inhaled at will rather than through timed, coordinated breathing movements
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| spirit | an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution containing volatile, aromatic ingredients
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| spray | the dosage form that consists of a container with a valve assembly that, when activated, emits a fine dispersion of liquid, solid, or gaseous material
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| sublingual route of administration | oral administration in which a drug is placed under the tongue and is rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream
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| sugar-coated tablet (SCT) | a tablet coated with an outside layer of sugar that protects the medication and improves both appearance and flavor
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| suppository | a solid formulation containing a drug for rectal or vaginal administration
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| suspension | the dispersion of a solid in a liquid
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| sustained-release (SR) formulation | a extended-release dosage form that allows less frequent dosing than an immediate-release dosage form
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| syringe | a device used to inject a parenteral solution into the bloodstream, muscle, or under the skin
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| syrup | an aqueous solution thickened with a large amount of sugar (generally sucrose) or a sugar substitute such as sorbitol or propylene glycol
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| systemic effect | the distribution of a drug throughout the body by absorption into the bloodstream
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| tablet | the solid dosage form produced by compression and containing one or more active and inactive ingredients
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| targeted drug delivery system | technology to deliver high concentrations of drugs to the diseased organ rather than expose the whole body to adverse side effects; commonly designed for cancer chemotherapy
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| tincture | an alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solution of extractions from plants
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| topical route of administration | the administration of a drug on the skin or any mucous membrane such as the eyes, nose, ears, lungs, vagina, urethra, or rectum; usually administered directly to the surface of the skin
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| transdermal dosage form | a formulation designed to deliver a continuous supply of drug into the bloodstream by absorption through the skin via a patch or disk
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| transmucosal route of administration | the absorption of drugs across any mucous membrane of the body including the mouth, eyes, ears, nose, rectum, vagina, and urethra
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| urethral route of administration | the administration of a drug by insertion into the urethra
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| vaginal route of administration | the administration of a drug by application of a cream or insertion of a tablet into the vagina
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| viscosity | the thickness and flow characteristics of a fluid
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| water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion | an emulsion containing a small amount of water dispersed in an oil, such as an ointment
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| wax matrix system | a reservoir-controlled release drug delivery system utilizing osmotic pressure or an ion exchange resin
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