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Histo 2 Exam 1 NWHSU

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Question
Answer
Describe the structure of the most permeable capillary   discontinuous sinusoids  
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How does the cytology of the AV node fibers differ from that of regular atrial muscle fibers?   smaller, less gap junctions, less intercalated discs  
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Describe the structure of the lymphatic capillary.   discontinuous epithelium and basal lamina  
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Three common consequences of atheroma.   thrombus formation, impaired blood flow, aneurysm  
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In addition to cardiac muscle, the myocardium of the atria contain a notable amount of _________ tissue   elastic connective  
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The atrial and ventricular myocardia are separated by the _________ and their only connection is the ______________.   cardiac skeleton; AV Bundle  
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What vessel adjusts the flow of blood to a region?   muscular artery  
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What causes AV delay?   the rate of depolarization in the AV node is about 10 times slower than in the SA node  
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What are the three layers of blood vessels in general from inside out?   tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia  
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Name the type of blood vessel in which the internal elastic lamina is a distinguishing characteristic.   muscular artery  
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Describe the tunica media of the aorta.   alternating layers of smooth muscle and fenestrated elastic lamina  
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Which group of cardiac muscle cells usually has the greatest intrinsic rate of depolarization?   -Purkinje fibers = 1.5-4 m/sec --SA Node = 0.3 m/sec --AV Node = 0.01 m/sec  
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Elastic fibers are particularly prominent in the ____________ of the heart.   Atrial Myocardium  
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In the heart, elastic CT is an especially important component on the _______________.   myometrium of the artia  
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This vessel acts as an auxiliary pump to maintain blood flow during diastole.   elastic artery  
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Name the two most significant tissues which comprise the atrial myocardium.   cardiac muscle and elastic CT  
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What provides an opportunity for lymphocytes and macrophages to remove foreign materials before they get into the blood?   lymph nodes  
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Other than thickness, how does the myocardium of the atria differ from that of the ventricles?   much more elastic fibers and less smooth muscle in atrial myocardium  
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What is the condition where too much fluid is in the pericardial sac, putting pressure on the heart?   tamonade  
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Hormones effecting vascular smooth muscle and Na+ excretion are secreted by ___________ cells of the heart. These hormones are called _____________.   atrial myocytes; atriopeptins  
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What vessels have pores covered by diaphragms?   Fennestrated capillaries  
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What vessel has two layers of smooth muscle?   arterioles  
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Which arteries are the most numerous?   muscular arteies  
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Where would you find purkinje fibers?   subendocardium  
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The lymphatic system is a very ____________ pressure system and accepts very ___________ molecules.   low, large  
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List the three functions of the lymphatic system.   --the return of fluids, electrolytes, protein, etc. back to the blood --the addition of lymphocytes and antibodies from the lymph nodes --lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine takes up dietary fat  
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The epicardium is also known as the ________________.   Visceral Pericardium  
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The purpose of occluding junctions in capillaries is what?   to force materials that are going in and out of the capillary to go through the cell, this way the cell may decide which may pass through.  
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________ (AKA caveola) can be used with either occluding or adhering junctions.   transport vessicles  
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Fenestrated capillaries can alter their ____________ by rapidly changing their ____________.   permeability; # of fenestra  
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List the kinds of capillaries from least to most permeable.   --continuous with occluding junctions --continuous with no occluding junctions --continuous with pores (fenestra) --discontinuous and fenestrated  
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Give two other names for muscular arteries.   distributing arteries and medium arteries  
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What is found outside the largest muscular arteries?   external elastic lamina  
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The largest veins contain vast amounts of _______________.   CT in All layers  
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Blood vessels which supply the walls of blood vessels are called ____________.   Vasovasorum  
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Lymphatic vessels are absent in _____________ and _____________.   CNS Bone Marrow  
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Capillaries in the lymphatic system are ________________.   discontinuous  
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Fluid is moved through the lymphatic system by __________________________ but backflow is prevented by _____________.   the action of surrounding muscles; valves  
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The ________________ cell undergoes zonation in the process of platelet formation.   megakaryocyte  
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The human cardiac skeleton is formed of _______________.   dense fibrous CT  
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Describe the structure of the parietal pericardium.   fibrous connective tissue and serous membrane (CT and mesothelium)  
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What facilitates alveolar expansion during inspiration and prevents alveolar collapse during expiration?   pulmonary surfactant  
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What type of cell is the olfactory receptor cell? These cells live only a short time and are replaced by differentiation from ___________cells.   bipolar neuron; basal  
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What are the two major components of the alveolar wall?   elastic tissue and a dense capillary bed  
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What is the function of the alveolar type I pneumocyte?   blood/air barrier  
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Smooth muscle contributes to the walls of the respiratory tract from the bronchi through the level of the _______   alveolar ducts  
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Describe the function of the true vocal cord.   pseudostratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium  
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Why is elastic CT important in the lungs?   allows for expansion during inspiration, provides recoil during expiration, tethers alveoli indirectly to the lung pleura, also prevents collapse during expiration  
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In the respiratory tree, hyaline cartilage is found from the level of the trachea through the ___________.   bronchioles  
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In the respiratory tree, elastic CT is found from the level of the trachea through the _____________.   alveolus  
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Clara cells are most numerous in the ____________.   bronchioles  
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Give one possible function of Clara cells.   eliminates inhaled toxins and helps lung prevent development of emphysema  
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What substance reduces alveolar surface tension?   surfactant  
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What is the function of the basal cell of the olfactory mucosa?   gives rise to new olfactory receptor cells  
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Alveolar Type 2 pneumocytes (great alveolar cells) secrete ___________.   surfactant  
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The epithelial lining of the trachea is ____________________.   pseudostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells  
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The bronchiopulmonary segment is the portion of the lung is supplied by one ___________________.   Tertiary bronchus and all its branches  
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Which chronic obstructive airway disease is characterized by a loss of elastic support for the bronchioles with their subsequent collapseand difficulty during expiration?   emphysema  
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Which obstructive airway disease is a combination of bronchoconstriction and excessive production of mucous?   asthma  
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Which chronic obstructive airway disease is a result of the thickening of bronchial walls and muscle walls and is also a result of an increase in the number and size of mucous glands?   chronic bronchitis  
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The opening of the mouth into the pharynx is the ___________ while the nasal opening is the _______________.   oropharynx; nasopharynx  
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The oropharynx and the pharynx proper are lined by ____________ epithelium whereas the nasopharynx is lined by ____________ epithelium and ___________ epithelium   non-keratinizing stratified squamous; stratified squamous; ciliated columnar  
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The false vocal cord is lined by ______________ epithelium.   ciliated columnar  
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Describe the structure of the olfactory mucosa.   basement membrane -> basal cells -> olfactory receptor cells ->sustenacular/supporting cells -> lumen  
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List the three major cells of the olfactory mucosa.   basal, olfactory, and sustenacular cells  
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The predominant epithelium of the larynx is __________________.   stratified squamous  
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The epithelial lining of the vocal fold is _______________________.   stratified squamous  
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Which lingual papillae are associated with taste buds?   fungiform and circumvallate  
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Which major salivary gland is composed primarily of mucous cells?   sublingual gland  
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The cardiac sphincter is formed by ___________.   thickening of muscularis mucosa of the esophagus  
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The chief cells of the stomach secrete __________ primarily in response to ______________.   pepsinogen; gastrin  
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How does cytology of the parietal cell reflect its function?   increased surface area and large numbers of mitochondria  
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Describe the histology of the hepatic sinusoid. How does this contribute to the function of the liver?   discontinuous fenestrated endothelium and BL with Kupper cells and does not rest on the basement membrane; aids in filtration  
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What is the major function of the gall bladder epithelium?   concentrate bile  
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Gall bladder smooth muscle constricts in response to ____________which is secreted by _______________.   pancreozymin/cholesystokinin; parathyroid  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: Most of the proteoltic enzymes   pancreatic acinar cells  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: intrinsic factor   parietal cells of the stomach  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: bile salts   pancreozymen hepatocytes  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: pepsinogen   chief cells of the stomach  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: Lysozyme   Paneth Cells  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: Most plasma cells   Hepatocytes  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: HCL   Parietal cells of the stomach  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: Gastrin   Endocrine cells of the stomach (Chromaffin/argentiffin/enterochromaffin)  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: Somatostatin   Neuroendrocrine cells  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: Albumin   Hepatocytes  
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What cells of the digestive system secrete: Pancreozymin and Secretin   Endocrine cells in the small intestine  
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The smooth dome-shaped elevations on the posterior tongue are formed by _______________.   lymphoid tissue of the submucosa  
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Islands of columnar epithelium in Barrett’s esophagus are prone to what?   an ulcer resulting in abnormal bleeding  
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What function is suggested by the cytology of the striate ducts of the submandibular salivary glands?   reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+  
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In the hepatocyte, which organelles are the enzymes of detoxification?   smooth ER  
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Terminal digestion of carbohydrates and proteins is accomplished by ____________.   enzymes from the glycocalyx of the absorptive cells of the small intestine  
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Peyer’s patches are characteristic of what organ?   ileum  
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Describe the structure of the hepatic sinusoids.   meandering vessels, can be large, discontinuous, associated with phagocytes  
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Blood from __________ and _____________ enters the hepatic sinusoid   hepatic artery; portal vein  
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Which bacteria are associated with gastric ulcers?   helicobactor pylori  
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Portal hypertension may develop with cirrhosis of the liver. What has gone wrong in the liver to cause this?   the normal portal system is obstructed or gone  
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Secretin causes the secretion of alkaline material from the Brunner’s submucosal glands of the duodenum and also from _____________.   bile duct cells and pancreatic duct cells  
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Which cytologic characteristics of the parietal cell of the stomach reflects its function?   high in mitochondria, more plasma membrane, very acidophilic, large amounts of secretory granules and large amounts of sER  
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What is the function of the lacteal?   lymphatic vessels which receives chylomicrons (triglycerides and golgi products)  
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What is the purpose of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system?   two capillary bed system which ensures both releasing and inhibiting factors from the hypothalamus are in high concentration when they reach the adenohypophysis  
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Give two differences between the mucosae of the large and small intestines.   large intestine has no paneth cells, no plica circularis and no villi  
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Brunner’s glands secrete ______________ and are specific to the _____________.   alkaline fluid; duodenum  
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Esophageal varcies are a potential lethal complication of cirrhosis. Why?   distended submucosal blood vessels bulge into lumen and may be eroded by gastric acid  
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Which major salivary gland is primarily composed of serous acini?   parotid gland  
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The _____________papillae of the tongue are the most numerous and have no taste buds.   filform  
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Chylomicra are formed by _____________cells and are taken up by ______________ (vessels) in the lamina propria.   absorptive cells of the small intestine; the lacteal  
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What are predominantly absorbed by the proximal end of the small intestine? The distal end?   triglycerides; B12 and bile salts  
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In humans, the mixed seromucous salivary gland is the ______________, the serous salivary gland is the ____________ and the mucous salivary gland is the ____________.   submandibular; parotid; sublingual  
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Give two characteristics of cirrhosis of the liver.   dead hepatocytes and collapse of normal architecture  
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In the pancreas acinar cells secrete __________ in response to _______________ and duct cells secrete _____________ in response to ___________________.   digestive enzymes; pancreozymin; alkaline fluid; secretin  
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Which cells are present in both the small and large intestine?   absorptive cells, goblet cells, intestinal crypts and lymphoid tissue  
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The squamous epithelium of the esophagus is protected from exposure to gastric acid by what two things?   the arrangement of the esophagogastric junction and the muscular sphincter  
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The transformation of the lower esophagus from squamous epithelium to a gastric type of epithelium due to acid reflux is known as ___________.   Barrett’s esophagus  
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The breakdown of the protective mechanisms of the stomach resulting in gastric acid killing epithelial cells and lamina propria may result in ________________.   gastric ulcer  
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Name the three most Important diseases (adult) of the large intestine.   cancer; diverticular disease; ulcerative colitis  
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In infants and children the most important disease in the large intestine is ____________.   Hirschsprung’s disease  
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Name the outcomes of liver failure.   failure of synthetic functions (proteins like albumin) and failure of detoxification  
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Give two structural characteristics of the hepatocytes which refects their role in the synthesis and secretion of bile salts.   bile caveculae and occluding junctions  
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In the GI tract, protein cleving enzymes are secreted by ____________.   pancreatic acinar and chief cells of the stomach  
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What are the effects of pancreozymin/cholecystokinin (give the cells and their response)?   in the gall bladder it causes constriction of smooth muscle to squeeze out bile and in the pancreas it triggers acinar cells to secrete digestive enzymes  
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A person is addicted to barbiturates, what cytology of the hepatocytes would reflect this?   --increased sER, mitochondria and secretory granules  
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In addition to enzymes and/or mucous, cells of the salivary gland also secrete ________________.   IgA secretory piece and lactoferrin  
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Esophageal varices is a very dangerous and potentially fatal disease. What condition related to cirrhosis of the liver may cause these varices?   portal hypertension  
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The adenohypophysis develops from _____________ while the neurohypophysis develops from the ________________.   Rathke’s pouch; hypothalamus of the diencephalons  
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What are the major regions of the stomach?   cardia, pylorus, fundus, corpus/body  
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What layer of cells does the stomach not contain?   adventitia  
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The esophagus is about _____ inches long.   10  
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Where does the esophagus run?   from the pharynx thru the diaphragm to the stomach  
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What is significant about the muscularis mucosa in the esophagus?   the upper 1/3 is skeletal muscle; the middle 1/3 is both skeletal and smooth muscle; the lower 1/3 is smooth muscle  
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List the glands found in the esophagus.   esophageal glands proper and esophageal cardiac glands  
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What are rugae?   folds or ridges in the stomach, primarily found in the corpus or body  
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Give some examples of where the spaces between cells of capillaries are very large.   liver; spleen; bone marrow  
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What are Peyer’s patches?   collections of lymphoid tissue  
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The basic structure of lingual papilla is a core of ___________covered by ________________ epithelium.   CT; stratified squamous  
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Which organs of the GI tract have submucosal glands?   duodenum and esophagus  
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Give signs and symptoms of untreated mellitus.   acidic breath due to high ketones, acidosis of blood, high blood sugar, muscle weakness, lethargic, possible coma or unconsciousness  
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Compare the muscularis externa of the large intestine and the small intestine.   small has inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer; large has inner circular with longitudinal arranged in 3 bands called tenia coli  
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What do each of the following organs contain: small intestine, colon, large intestine.   --small intestine  villi, crypts, submucosal glands, paneth cells, goblet cells, Peyer’s patches --colon  submucosal glands, goblet cells, Peyer’s patches --large intestine  gobletcells and crypts  
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Which areas of the GI tract are lined by stratified epithelium?   esophagus, rectum, trachea  
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How does the cytology of the parietal cell correlate with its function?   Lots of mitochondria for energy to secrete HCl against its concentration gradient; more plasma membrane  
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Describe the structure of the splenic sinusoids.   --discontinuous columns of endothelium with discontinuous basal lamina in circumferencial rings  
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What is the significance of the structure of the splenic sinusoids?   highly permeable, thus allowing blood into spleen to be cleaned  
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Bile is synthesized by the ____________.   liver  
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The most acidophilic cell of the fundic gland is the ____________ cell.   parietal  
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The core of the tongue is composed of __________________.   skeletal muscle  
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Endocrine hormones (affecting vascular smooth muscle and transport of sodium and water in the kidney) are secreted by ___________ cells of the heart.   myocardial  
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Give the stimulus for secretion of pancreatic enzymes.   secretine/pancreozymen  
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Low levels result in both growth and mental retardation.   T3 &T4 thyroid hormone  
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Secreted by neurons of the hypothalamus.   antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin  
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Stimulates reabsorption of water in the kidneys.   antidiuretic hormone  
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Produces an increase in blood calcium.   parathyroid hormone  
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Stimulates contraction of the uterine smooth muscle.   oxytocin  
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Inhibits osteoclast function.   calcitonin  
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Stimulates secretion of milk.   prolactin  
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Increases blood sugar.   glucagons, epinephrine, cortisol  
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Secretion is inhibited by somatostatin.   growth hormone, insulin, glucagons  
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Decreases blood potassium.   aldosterone  
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Increases free fatty acids in the blood.   cortisol, norepinephrine and epinephrine  
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Target is myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland.   oxytocin  
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Inhibits ACTH secretion.   cortisol  
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Secreted by the pars intermedia of the hypophysis   melanocyte stimulating hormone  
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Decreases blood osmolarity, blood volume and has neurogenic factors   antidiuretic hormone  
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Stimuli that results in the secretion of follicle stimulating hormone   FSH-releasing factor  
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Excess of this in childhood can result in giantism   growth hormone  
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Secretion of this hormone is uniquely under tonic inhibition   prolactin  
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Secreted by parafollicular cells   calcitonin  
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Rathke’s pouch gives rise to the ______________.   adenohypophysis  
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Give the targets of lutenizing hormone in the male and female.   Male=leydig cells; females=corpus luteum  
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What are fenestrated capillaries? Where are they found?   --continuous capillaries with pores allowing more movement; found in renal glomerulus of kidney whose job is excretion  
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Describe the structure of the splenic sinusoid. What is its functional significance?   discontinuous columns of endothelium with discontinuous basal lamina in circumferencial rings; highly permeable allowing blood into spleen to be cleaned  
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Hormones effecting vascular smooth muscle and Na+ excretion are secreted by _______________cells of the heart.   atrial cardiac muscle cells (atrial myocytes)  
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By what mechanism does aldosterone result in decreased plasma K+?   causes kidneys to excrete in the urine  
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In normal physiology, ADH is secreted in response to _______________.   increased osmotic pressure and decreased blood volume  
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Where does calcitonin come from?   parafollicular cells  
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What cells make and secrete insulin?   B cells of pancreatic islets  
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What specific cells secrete oxytocin? ADH?   paraventricular nucleus of neurohypophysis; supraoptic nucleus of the neurohypophysis  
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Which hormone of the adenohypophysis is the only hormone derived from the pars intermedia?   melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)  
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Secretion of growth hormone is controlled by _____________ (hormones) which are products of the _____________(cells) of the ____________.   GHrf; GHrif; hypothalamus  
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What stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone?   decrease in blood Ca++ levels  
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Give the signs and symptoms of untreated diabetes mellitus.   acidosis, ketosis, dehydration, hyperglycemia, tachypnea  
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Aldosterone is likely to affect its target via the ___________ receptor.   mobile  
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What hormones are secreted from neuorsecretory cells of the respiratory tract?   Bombesin and serotonin  
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Endocrine hormones (which cause relaxation of vascular smooth muscle and loss of water and sodium through the kidney) are secreted by the ____________________ cells of the heart.   atrial cardiac muscle  
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Gastrin is secreted by ______________ cells of the stomach.   endocrine  
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Which cells secrete releasing factors?   neurons of the hypothalamus  
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Under normal conditions, the stimulus for antidiuretic hormone is?   decrease in blood volume and increase in osmotic pressure  
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What structure helps to ensure that the levels of releasing hormone are adequate to stimulate the targets?   hypothalmic/hypophyseal portal system  
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Secretin stimulates the secretion of an alkaline solution from ________________cells.   pancreatic duct  
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Glutocorticoids likely affect their targets via the ____________receptor model.   mobile  
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*By what mechanism does aldosterone result I decreased plasma K+?   causes kidneys to excrete it in the urine  
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Thyroglobulin is hydrolyzed by _____________ enzymes.   lysosomal  
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What are the targets of follicle stimulating hormone?   females -> ovarian follicle males -> seratoli cells  
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What is occurring at the germinal center?   plasma cell formation  
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What affect does somatostatin have on the cells of the adenohypophysis?   -inhibitory  
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Oxytocin is likely to affect its targets via the ____________ receptor model.   fixed  
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