Thalamic Nuclei, as presented in NBio at Stanford
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| Anterior | Anterior | Diffuse projection | mammillary bodies, hippocampus | cingulate gyrus | memory formation
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| Dorsal medial (DM) | Medial nuclear | Diffuse projection | olfactory cortex, amygdala | hypothalamus, cingulate and orbitofrontal cortex | emotional behavior
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| Centromedian (CM) | Intralaminar | - | globus pallidus (inhibitory) | caudate and putamen | modulation of basal ganglia
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| Other IL nuclei | Intralaminar | Diffuse projection | pontine and mesencephalic reticular formation | diffuse projections to frontal cortex and other thalamic nuclei | thalamic portion of ascending reticular activation system
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| Ventral anterior (VA) | Lateral nuclear | Relay | Basal Ganglia (GPi, SNr) | Primary, Pre and Supplementary motor cortex (areas 4 & 6) | motor relay. activation facilitates movement
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| Ventral lateral (VL) | Lateral nuclear | Relay | Basal Ganglia (GPi, SNr) & Cerebellum | Primary, Pre and Supplementary motor cortex (areas 4 & 6) | motor relay. activation facilitates movement
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| Ventral posterolateral (VPL) | Lateral nuclear | Relay | cuneate, gracile nuclei, marginal zone and substantia gelatinosa | somatosensory cortex (areas 1,2,3) | somatosensory relay for body, relays info from ALS and DCML tracts
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| Ventral posteromedial (VPM) | Lateral nuclear | Relay | spinal and principal nuclei of V, nucleus solitarius | somatosensory cortex (areas 1,2,3), taste cortex (area 43) | somatosensory relay for face, relays sensory info (from trigeminothalamic tract) and taste info
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| Lateral dorsal (LD) and Lateral posterior (LP) | Lateral nuclear | Diffuse projection | sensory cortex, other thalamic nuclei | frontal, parietal and cingulate cortex | sensory and emotional info integration
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| LGN | Lateral nuclear | Relay | retina (60% feedback from cortex) | visual cortex (area 17), cuneate and lingual gyri via optic radiations | visual relay
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| MGN | Lateral nuclear | Relay | inferior colliculus (via brachium of the inferior colliculus) | auditory cortex (area 41), via auditory radiations | auditory relay
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| Pulvinar | Lateral nuclear | Diffuse projection | reciprocal input from all output areas, superior colliculus, primary visual cortex | parietal and temporal association areas | integration of sensory information, modulation of spatial attention (?)
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| Reticular | Reticular | Diffuse projection, but very different | sees copies ("collaterals") of all excitatory thalamocortical & corticothalamic projections | inhibitory output to thalamic nuclei from which input was received (only thalamic nucleus w/o projection to cortex & w/ inhibitory output) | regulate flow of info from thalamus to cortex, part of ascending reticular activating system, modulation of arousal & sleep, generation of oscillations (?)
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