Sleep and Rest
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| Sleep is under control of | reticular formation
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| Researchers believe the __ located in the upper brain stem to contain special cells that maintain alertness and wakefulness. | ascending reticular activating system (RAS)
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| The RAS receives | visual, auditory, pain, and tactile sensory stimuli
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| Activity from the __ (e.g., emotions or thought processes) also stimulates the RAS. | cerebral cortex
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| Arousal, wakefulness, and maintenance of consciousness results from neurons in the | RAS that release catecholamines such as norepinephrine.
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| Bulbar synchronizing region (BSR) | Researchers hypothesize that the release of serotonin from specialized cells in the raphe nuclei sleep system of the pons and medulla produces sleep.
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| Whether a person remains awake or falls asleep depends on a balance of | impulses received from higher centers (e.g., thoughts), peripheral sensory receptors (e.g., sound or light stimuli), and the limbic system (emotions).
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| At some point the __ takes over, causing sleep. | BSR
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| Inhibitory signals appear to result from release of the neurotransmitter __ by reticular formation cells. | serotonin
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| The major sleep center in the body is the | hypothalamus
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| The hypothalamus secretes hypocreatins (orexins) that promote | wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep
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| ___ inhibits the RAS from firing | serotonin and dopamine, and GABA
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| Serotonin does what regarding sleep? | Inhibits RAS from firing, temporarily ending consciousness - levels in the brain gradually fall off allowing the individual to wake up.
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| Sleep and wakefulness follow a cyclic pattern unless the pattern is blocked, changed, or interrupted. | Circadian Rhythm
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| Factors such as light, temperature, social activities, and work routines affect | circadian rhythms and daily sleep-wake cycles
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| NREM sleep contributes to | body tissue restoration
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| During __ sleep, biological functions slow. | NREM
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| During deep slow-wave (NREM stage 4) sleep, the body releases | human growth hormone for the repair and renewal of epithelial and specialized cells such as brain cells.
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| Stage I: NREM | lightest level of sleep; stages last a few minutes; gradual fall in vital signs and metabolism; easily aroused.
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| Stage II: NREM | period of sound sleep; relaxation progresses; arousal remains relatively easy; lasts 10 to 20 minutes; body functions continue to slow.
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| Normal sleep involves two phases | nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
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| During NREM a sleeper progresses through four stages during | a typical 90-minute sleep cycle
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| Lighter sleep is characteristic of stages __, and a person is more easily arousable | 1 and 2
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| Stages __ involve a deeper sleep, called slow-wave sleep. | 3 and 4
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| Rapid eye movement sleep is the phase at the end of each | sleep cycle
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| Stage III: NREM | involves initial stages of deep sleep; sleeper is difficult to arouse; rarely moves; muscles completely relaxed; VS decline but remain regular; stage lasts 15 to 30 min. – May start snoring at this stage.
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| Stage IV: NREM | deepest stage (delta); very difficult to arouse; if sleep loss occurred, sleeper will spend large portion of night in this stage; VS significantly lower; lasts approximately 15 to 30 min; sleepwalking and enuresis may occur
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| Dreams occur during | both NREM and REM sleep, the dreams of REM sleep are more vivid and elaborate and some believe they are functionally important to learning, memory processing, and adaptation to stress.
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| REM sleep is necessary for | brain tissue restoration and appears to be important for cognitive restoration.
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| REM sleep is associated with changes in | cerebral blood flow, increased cortical activity, increased oxygen consumption, and epinephrine release
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| With each successive cycle | stages 3 and 4 shorten, and the period of REM lengthens. REM sleep lasts up to __ during the last sleep cycle.
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| __ disorders are linked to increased incidence of nocturnal angina (chest pain), increased heart rate, electrocardiogram changes, high blood pressure, and risk of heart diseases and stroke. | Sleep-related breathing
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| Chronic difficulty falling asleep – or intermittent sleeping | Insomnia
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| Lack of airflow through nose & mouth from 10 seconds or longer during sleep | sleep apnea
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| Central sleep apnea | dysfunction in brain’s respiratory control center – so impulse to breathe is temporarily inhibited. Can occur in patient with close head brain injury, stroke-common with brain stem injuries and muscular dystrophy.
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| CPAP | (continuous positive airway pressure) – equipment/mask connected to tubing and air pressure machine. It continuously blows air in their airway to keep it open.
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| What changes in sleep occur in the elderly? | REM tends to shorten, Progressive decrease in stages 3 & 4 NREM, Some have no stage 4 or deep sleep, and Tendency to nap.
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| sleep journal to be kept how long? | 1 – 4 weeks
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| Why is sleep-wake log important? | Because it shows the day-to-day variations in the pattern.
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| Stage 4 sleep begins to fall when? | In middle adulthood and will continue throughout the rest of life.
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| Sleep problems often result from | depression, anxiety, stress, some physical conditions, and, in women, the onset of menopause.
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| tracheobranchial obstruction can cause? | sleep apnea
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Created by:
Ladystorm