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NUR151-Sleep
Sleep and Rest
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sleep is under control of | reticular formation |
| Researchers believe the __ located in the upper brain stem to contain special cells that maintain alertness and wakefulness. | ascending reticular activating system (RAS) |
| The RAS receives | visual, auditory, pain, and tactile sensory stimuli |
| Activity from the __ (e.g., emotions or thought processes) also stimulates the RAS. | cerebral cortex |
| Arousal, wakefulness, and maintenance of consciousness results from neurons in the | RAS that release catecholamines such as norepinephrine. |
| Bulbar synchronizing region (BSR) | Researchers hypothesize that the release of serotonin from specialized cells in the raphe nuclei sleep system of the pons and medulla produces sleep. |
| Whether a person remains awake or falls asleep depends on a balance of | impulses received from higher centers (e.g., thoughts), peripheral sensory receptors (e.g., sound or light stimuli), and the limbic system (emotions). |
| At some point the __ takes over, causing sleep. | BSR |
| Inhibitory signals appear to result from release of the neurotransmitter __ by reticular formation cells. | serotonin |
| The major sleep center in the body is the | hypothalamus |
| The hypothalamus secretes hypocreatins (orexins) that promote | wakefulness and rapid eye movement sleep |
| ___ inhibits the RAS from firing | serotonin and dopamine, and GABA |
| Serotonin does what regarding sleep? | Inhibits RAS from firing, temporarily ending consciousness - levels in the brain gradually fall off allowing the individual to wake up. |
| Sleep and wakefulness follow a cyclic pattern unless the pattern is blocked, changed, or interrupted. | Circadian Rhythm |
| Factors such as light, temperature, social activities, and work routines affect | circadian rhythms and daily sleep-wake cycles |
| NREM sleep contributes to | body tissue restoration |
| During __ sleep, biological functions slow. | NREM |
| During deep slow-wave (NREM stage 4) sleep, the body releases | human growth hormone for the repair and renewal of epithelial and specialized cells such as brain cells. |
| Stage I: NREM | lightest level of sleep; stages last a few minutes; gradual fall in vital signs and metabolism; easily aroused. |
| Stage II: NREM | period of sound sleep; relaxation progresses; arousal remains relatively easy; lasts 10 to 20 minutes; body functions continue to slow. |
| Normal sleep involves two phases | nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep |
| During NREM a sleeper progresses through four stages during | a typical 90-minute sleep cycle |
| Lighter sleep is characteristic of stages __, and a person is more easily arousable | 1 and 2 |
| Stages __ involve a deeper sleep, called slow-wave sleep. | 3 and 4 |
| Rapid eye movement sleep is the phase at the end of each | sleep cycle |
| Stage III: NREM | involves initial stages of deep sleep; sleeper is difficult to arouse; rarely moves; muscles completely relaxed; VS decline but remain regular; stage lasts 15 to 30 min. – May start snoring at this stage. |
| Stage IV: NREM | deepest stage (delta); very difficult to arouse; if sleep loss occurred, sleeper will spend large portion of night in this stage; VS significantly lower; lasts approximately 15 to 30 min; sleepwalking and enuresis may occur |
| Dreams occur during | both NREM and REM sleep, the dreams of REM sleep are more vivid and elaborate and some believe they are functionally important to learning, memory processing, and adaptation to stress. |
| REM sleep is necessary for | brain tissue restoration and appears to be important for cognitive restoration. |
| REM sleep is associated with changes in | cerebral blood flow, increased cortical activity, increased oxygen consumption, and epinephrine release |
| With each successive cycle | stages 3 and 4 shorten, and the period of REM lengthens. REM sleep lasts up to __ during the last sleep cycle. |
| __ disorders are linked to increased incidence of nocturnal angina (chest pain), increased heart rate, electrocardiogram changes, high blood pressure, and risk of heart diseases and stroke. | Sleep-related breathing |
| Chronic difficulty falling asleep – or intermittent sleeping | Insomnia |
| Lack of airflow through nose & mouth from 10 seconds or longer during sleep | sleep apnea |
| Central sleep apnea | dysfunction in brain’s respiratory control center – so impulse to breathe is temporarily inhibited. Can occur in patient with close head brain injury, stroke-common with brain stem injuries and muscular dystrophy. |
| CPAP | (continuous positive airway pressure) – equipment/mask connected to tubing and air pressure machine. It continuously blows air in their airway to keep it open. |
| What changes in sleep occur in the elderly? | REM tends to shorten, Progressive decrease in stages 3 & 4 NREM, Some have no stage 4 or deep sleep, and Tendency to nap. |
| sleep journal to be kept how long? | 1 – 4 weeks |
| Why is sleep-wake log important? | Because it shows the day-to-day variations in the pattern. |
| Stage 4 sleep begins to fall when? | In middle adulthood and will continue throughout the rest of life. |
| Sleep problems often result from | depression, anxiety, stress, some physical conditions, and, in women, the onset of menopause. |
| tracheobranchial obstruction can cause? | sleep apnea |
Created by:
Ladystorm