BEHP 5012 Unit 5
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| Experimental Design | Repeated, systematic presentation and
removal of an independent variable (or IV)
While measuring changes in the dependent
variable (or DV) and holding other factors
constant
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| The primary goals of systematic experimental manipulation | To demonstrate a functional relation between the IV and DV and to evaluate the interventions once they are decided upon
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| Functional relation | Changes in an antecedent or consequent stimulus class consistently alter a dimension of a response class
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| Internal validity | The extent to which an analysis assures that
measured changes in behavior are due to the manipulation and not due to uncontrolled
extraneous variables.
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| External validity | The extent to which a study’s results are generalizable to other subjects, settings, or behaviors.
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| Threats to internal validity | History
Maturation
Testing
Instrumentation
Diffusion of treatment
Regression towards the mean
Selection bias
Attrition
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| History | Introduction of the IV may coincide with other events in the person's life
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| Maturation | Natural developmental events of learning experiences may coincide with the introduction of the IV to produce the change
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| Testing | Changes in the DV may have come about as a function of repeated exposure to the experimental arrangements (e.g. practice effects)
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| Instrumentation | Changes may reflect modifications in the measurement systems rather than effects of the IV
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| Diffusion of Treatment | Inadvertent, uncontrolled "seepage" of the treatment to control conditions or control subjects
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| Regression towards the mean | Changes occurred because baseline measurements were NOT representative of the natural stare of events (less relevant in SCD because of repeated measure)
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| Selection bias | The assignment of subject to groups may have biased the outcome even in the absence of any intervention (less relevant in SCD because each participant serves as own control)
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| Attrition | The loss of subjects over time, especially if systematic, may influence the effects (less relevant in SCD because each participant serves as own control)
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| Minimizing Validity Threats | Measurement
Stability
Immediacy
Replication
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| Single-Case Designs | The repeated and systematic presentation and removal of a treatment and measurement of behavior while holding other factors constant
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| Baseline | Assessment of the dependent variable prior to the introduction or change of the independent variable
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| Phase Change | Movement in the analysis from one level or kind of independent variable to the next level or kind of independent variable
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| A-B Design | Baseline phase followed by a treatment
phase effect is demonstrated when behavior changes from one phase to the next
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| Withdrawal Design | Baseline is followed by a treatment
condition.
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| Reversal Design | An intervention is applied to the target
behavior after a baseline phase
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| Multiple Baseline Design | Two or more independent baselines are
established. The IV is then separately introduced in a staggered fashion to each BL. When bx is stable for the first baseline, the IV is introduced on the second baseline, and so on
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| Multiple probe technique | First baseline is continuous, but subsequent
baseline data collection is conducted on an
intermittent basis relative to the first baseline
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