Layers of the Retina, Photoreceptor Cells, etc
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| What are the 10 layers of the Retina? | 1)Pigmented Epithelium; 2)Photoreceptor Layer; 3)External Limiting Membrane; 4)Outer Nuclear Layer; 5)Outer Plexiform Layer; 6)Inner Nuclear Layer 7)Inner Plexiform Layer; 8)Ganglion Cell Layer; 9)Nerve Fiber Layer; 10)Internal Limiting Membrane
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| The ______ is the nervous coat of the eye. | retina
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| How many microns thick is the retina? | 200 to 300
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| How many rods are in the retina? | 111-130 million
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| How many cones are in the retina? | 6.3-6.8 million
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| The fovea has a high concentration of...? | cones
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| How many cones are in the fovea? | 200,000
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| Each cone has its very own ____________ which helps give it really sharp vision. | ganglion axon
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| Up to _____ rods can share the same ganglion axon. | 10,000
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| The optic nerve is composed of ___ to ___ million ganglion cell axons. | 1.1 to 1.3 million
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| The retina extends from the circular edge of the _________ to the _________. | optic disc to the ora serata
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| The retina is the site of transformation of light energy into...? | electrical impulses
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| What is the only light sensitive part of the eye? | Retina
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| What type of cells are contained in the retina? | photoreceptor; ganglion; bipolar; horizontal; amacrine; interplexiform; Muller
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| What is the process of converting light energy into a neural signal. | phototransduction
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| Which layer of the retina is composed of outer and inner segments of the photoreceptor cells? | Photoreceptor layer
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| What is the pigment contained in rods? | Rhodopsin
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| What is rhodopsin made from? | opsin and vitamin A
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| Which are more light sensitive rods or cones? | Rods
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| Rhodoposin dissassociates when light is too ______? | bright
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| Which photoreceptor cells are motion sensitive and responsible for peripheral vision? | Rods
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| Which photorecptor cells give us our shades of grey? | Rods
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| Are there more rods or cones? | Rods
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| Which photorecptor cells are more concentrated toward the center of the retina? | Cones
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| Which photoreceptor cells give us our acute vision? | Cones
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| Which photoreceptor cells give us our color vision? | Cones
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| What is the pigment in cones? | iodopsin
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| What are the three types of cone cells? | Red; Green; Blue
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| How long does it take to fully adapt to light? | 5 minutes
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| How long does it take to become completely dark adapted? | 45 minutes
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| ____ are extremely sesitive in low light conditions. | Rods
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| How many forms of Macular Degeneration are there? | Two forms
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| Which form of macular degeneration is characterized by the presence of yellow deposits on the macula which causes the macula tissue to thin over time. | Dry Form
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| Which form of macular degeneration is characterized by the growth of abnormal blood vessels from the choroid layer that go through to the macula? | Wet form
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| Both forms of macular degeneration lead to the eventual loss of...? | Central vision
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| Most patients have which form of macular degeneration? | Dry
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| They eye can perceive up to ___ shades of grey. | 500
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| What is the center of the macula lutea? | Fovea Centralis
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| All the photoreceptor cells in the fovea are rods or cones? | Cones
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| Where does the optic nerve exit they eye? | Optic disc
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| There is a anatomical blind spot at the optic disc because there are no _____________ cells? | photoreceptor
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| Retinal detachment is the separation between the retinal pigmented epithelium and the ______________? | photoreceptors
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| During retinal detachment the photorecptor cells are separated from their...? | blood supply
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| How is retinal detachment corrected? | An argon laser is used to photocoagulate the edges of the detached retinal tissue back into position.
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| Retinal detachment results in...? | scar tissue
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| Who is more likely to get a retinal detachment? | People who are highly myopic (more than -6.00 Diopters)
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| Retinitis Pigmentosa is a _______ disorder. | genetic
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| Does retinitis pigmentosa lead to a sudden vision loss or is it a progressive loss? | Progressive
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| Retinitis pigmentosa is a gradual deterioration of what? | photoreceptor cells
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| What is loss first in retinitis pigmentosa? | Loss of night vision
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| In retinitis pigmentosa, after the loss of night vision, blind spots develop in the __________ vision. | peripheral
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| Before leading to blindness, retintis pigmentosa leads to ______ vision. | tunnel
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| What three factors affect color? | Hue - color wavelength; Brightness - Intenstiy/luminostiy; and Saturation - How much white light is present and mixed with the color
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| Normal vision is ____________. | trichromatic
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| What three colors make up normal vision? | Red, Green, Blue
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| What is the most common type of color blindness? | Dichromatic
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| If you have protonopia, what color does your vision lack? | Red
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| If you have deuternopia, what color does your vision lack? | Green
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| If you have tritanopia, what color does your vision lack? | Blue
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| What type of color blindness uses all three colors but mixes them up? | Anamolous trichromatic
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| What is monochromatic color blindness? | Seeing no color at all, everything is seen as shades of grey
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| What are two ways to get color blindness? | Inherited or from disease
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| Which parent is color blindness inhertited from? | mother
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| What percent of males are color blind? | 7-8%
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| What percent of females are color blind? | less than 1%
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| What test is used for color blindness? | Ishihara Color Test
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| When are the first hairs for the eyebrows formed? | During embryonic development
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| What is another name for eyelids? | Palpebrae
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| What are the functions of the eyelids? | Cover the globe for protection; move tears towards drainage at medial canthus on closure; spread tear film;
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| Where are the structures that produce tears located? | Eyelids
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| What is a droopy upper eyelid known as? | PTOSIS
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| Where the upper and lower eyelids meet at the corner of the palpebral fissure is called the...? | canthi
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| What is the caruncle? | A small pink mass at the medial side
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| What are the eyelashes known as? | Cilia
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| How many eyelashes are in the upper lid? | 150
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| How many eyelashes are in the lower lid? | 75
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| How often are eyelashes replaced? | Once every five months
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| How long does it take for eyelashes to grow to full length? | 10 weeks
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