Living Systems
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| The basic unit of life in any living organism is the _____________. All the living parts of your body are made of them. | cells
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| _____________ carry electrical messages to and from different parts of the body. | Nerve cells
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| ____________ contract and relax to help the body move. | Muscle cells
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| ____________ store minerals and, by producing and supporting bone, provide form, shape, and protection to the body | Bone cells
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| How does a cell “know” to become a muscle cell, or a nerve cell, or some other kind of cell? | When each cell develops, it follows instructions in its DNA. These instructions determine what job each cell will do.
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| _________________ are groups of cells that perform the same function. | Tissues
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| Tissues that work together to perform the same function are grouped together as an ____________. | organ
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| Name three of your most important organs. | brain, heart, and lungs
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| Your ___________ is made of cardiac muscle tissue, which is made of cardiac muscle cells. | heart
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| Your __________ is made of nervous tissue, which is made of nerve cells. | brain
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| ___________ that perform a similar or related function are grouped together into a particular system. | Organs
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| Every day, your ___________ system moves nutrients through your body. | circulatory
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| Your ___________ system brings in oxygen and gets rid of carbon dioxide. | respiratory
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| Your ___________ system supports your body. | skeletal
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| Your ___________ system helps you move. | muscular
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| Your ___________ system coordinates all the systems. | nervous
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| For many animals, _________________________ work together to maintain the animal’s form and let the animal move. | the skeletal and muscular systems
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| An animal’s body is like a house in which the ___________ provides the frame and structural support. | skeleton
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| The ___________ keeps the animal from collapsing under the force of gravity. It helps hold the animal's shape, and its rigid bones can be moved to change the animal’s location or help it get food. | skeleton
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| Although the ___________ is not part of the muscular or skeletal systems, it helps maintain the shape of an animal. This outer covering wraps around and protects the skeleton, muscles, and other organs. | skin
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| For many animals—mammals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, and most fish—the skeleton forms ___________ the body. | inside
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| The larger the animal, the ___________ the bones must be to support the animal’s weight. | thicker
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| Animals with ___________ have skeletons on the outside of their body instead of inside. | exoskeletons
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| The exoskeleton also protects the body, performing the function of both _____________. | skin and bones
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| How do earthworms move? | They use their muscles to change the shape of one part of their body, and the pressure of their internal fluids causes another part to change shape. This is how worms are able to crawl around without bones.
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| How do plants and trees maintain their form? | Plants have an internal framework of stiff tubes similar to skeletons.
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| Instead of being made of bone, the tubes in plants are made of a rigid substance called ___________ that provides support. | cellulose
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| The place where two bones meet is called a ___________. | joint
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| Ligaments and cartilage help attach bones together at ___________. | joints
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| ___________ are tough bands of tissue that attach bone to bone. | Ligaments
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| ___________ is tissue that is tough, smooth, and flexible. It covers the ends of many bones to help joints move smoothly. | Cartilage
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| The kind of muscle that attaches to bones is called ___________ muscle. It is also called ___________ muscle because you control its movement. | skeletal; voluntary
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| What are the two types of involuntary muscles? | cardiac and smooth
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| ___________ muscle is found only in the walls of the heart, and it beats rhythmically from before birth until death. | Cardiac
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| ___________ muscle is found in the walls of many organs and blood vessels, and it contracts to move substances like blood, food or waste through the body. | Smooth
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| When a muscle contracts, a rope-like band of tissue called a ___________ pulls on the bone it is connected to. | tendon
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| Which of the following three help an organism keep its shape? nerve tissue, heart, or skin | skin
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| What feature do plants have that provide structure and form? | Plants have ridged tubes made of cellulose.
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| How is a tendon different from a ligament? | A tendon joins a muscle to a bone, a ligament joins a bone to a bone.
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| Humans have bones and muscles that help us move. What structure protects insects and gives them structure? | exoskeleton
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| All animals, including you, have a respiratory system to bring in ____________ and remove ___________. | oxygen (O2); carbon dioxide (CO2)
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| Do plants have a respiratory system? | yes
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| The cells in most organisms can only survive for a few minutes without fresh ___________. | oxygen
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| The ___________system brings oxygen into organisms. | respiratory
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| All reptiles, all mammals (including humans), and some amphibians use ___________ to breathe. | lungs
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| Some animals use ___________ for breathing, and some absorb O2 directly through their ___________. | gills; skin
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| How do plants breathe? | Through the surfaces of their leaves, roots, and stems.
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| When you inhale, a muscle in your chest called the ___________ moves downward. | diaphragm
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| When the diaphragm moves down it increases the amount of space within your chest, so your lungs are forced to ___________. | expand
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| As your lungs expand, a ___________ is created, pulling air in from outside. | vacuum
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| Air comes in through your nose and mouth, moves down through the ___________ to the ____________, and then moves into the two bronchi. | pharynx;;windpipe (also called the trachea); bronchi
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| The __________ are tubes through which air enters the lungs. | bronchi
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| The bronchi branch into smaller bronchioles, which eventually lead to many tiny air sacs called ___________. | alveoli
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| Each one of the alveoli is a tiny sac where ___________from inhaled air passes out into the bloodstream. | oxygen (O2)
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| The wall of each of the alveoli is the thickness of ___________. | one cell
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| Wrapped around the alveoli are tiny blood vessels called ___________. | capillaries
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| Molecules of ___________ pass through the wall of the alveoli and enter the bloodstream through the capillaries. | oxygen (O2)
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| When you exhale, ____________ passes from your blood through the walls of the alveoli and into the alveolar sacs | carbon dioxide (CO2)
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| Why are lungs located deep inside the body? | To help keep them moist.
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| Why can gills be located near the outside of the body? | Gills are used in the water, so they are constantly moist.
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| As water flows through the gills, ___________ is taken up by capillaries and ____________ is removed. | oxygen (O2); carbon dioxide (CO2)
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| Amphibians like frogs, whose body tissues are in contact with water or other fluids containing O2 part of the time, can also exchange gases through their ___________. | skin
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| Name two organisms that get all of their oxygen through their skin. | flatworms and jellyfish
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| Insects exchange O2 and CO2 using a system of tubes called ___________, which are located in their abdomens. | tracheae
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| Plants absorb CO2 so that they can perform photosynthesis, but what other gas do they absorb and what is it used for? | oxygen (O2); cellular respiration
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| The ____________ in your circulatory system transports nutrients and waste products in the blood to and from all parts of your body. | blood
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| The ____________ system is the material transport system of an organism. | circulatory
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| What are the three main components of the circulatory system? | heart, blood vessels, and blood
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| ___________ form a system of channels or tubes through which the fluid blood travels. | Blood vessels
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| ____________ carries the materials the body needs to function. | Blood
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| The _____________ is a pump that moves the blood through vessels. | heart
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| Hearts and vessels often contain _____________ to control the direction of the blood’s flow. | valves
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| Many invertebrates, including insects, spiders, crustaceans, snails, and clams, have an ____________ circulatory system. | open
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| In an ___________________, the cells are in constant contact with a bloodlike fluid that bathes them in nutrients and carries wastes away. | open circulatory system
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| One animal with an open circulatory system is the ____________. | grasshopper
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| In the _____________, a simple system of vessels pumps the bloodlike fluid so it can easily bring nutrients to cells and carry waste products away from the cells. | grasshopper
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| Open circulatory systems are efficient transport systems for _______________________. | smaller, less active animals
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| As the size of an animal increases, blood _______________________. | has farther to travel
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| For large animals, a ___________________ is more effective than a ___________________. | closed circulatory system; open circulatory system.
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| Earthworms, the more active mollusks (like squid and octopuses), and all vertebrates have a ________________ system. | closed circulatory
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| What are the three types of blood vessels? | arteries, veins, and capillaries
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| Blood leaves the heart through _____________. | arteries
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| The smallest arteries connect to blood vessels whose walls are only one cell wide. These tiny blood vessels, _____________, deliver blood to individual cells throughout the body. | the capillaries
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| ___________ transported by the circulatory system move across the thin walls of capillaries to the fluid surrounding cells. | Nutrients
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| The metabolic ___________ of the cell pass through the cell membrane, into the surrounding fluid, and into the capillaries. | wastes
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| The capillaries lead to ___________, the blood vessels that remove metabolic wastes from the cells of the body. | veins
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| Heart chambers that pump blood out to arteries are called _____________. | ventricles
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| Heart chambers that receive blood coming back from veins are called _____________________. | atria (singular, atrium).
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| In fish, for example, blood circulates through the body in ___________loop. It travels from the heart, past the gills, to the rest of the body, and back to the heart. | one
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| In land vertebrates, including humans, the circulatory system has _________ loops. | two
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| The ___________________ sends blood to the lungs and back to the heart. | pulmonary circuit
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| The _____________________carry blood to the lungs, where carbon dioxide moves out of the blood and oxygen moves into the blood. | pulmonary arteries
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| The _____________________ return oxygenated blood to the heart in preparation for being pumped to the rest of the body by the systemic circuit. | pulmonary veins
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| The _______________________ is how the cells in the rest of the body receive oxygen and nutrients and get rid of wastes. | systemic circuit
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| The heart pumps blood through the _______________________ to the capillaries for cellular nutrient and waste exchange. | systemic arteries
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| Then the blood flows through the ______________________ back to the heart. | systemic veins
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| The circulatory system not only delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells, it _______________________ too | removes wastes
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| Waste products move from the cell into the fluid surrounding the cell. Then waste materials pass into the ____________. | capillaries
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| Blood in the capillaries carries wastes through the _________ and back to the heart. | veins
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| The blood that returns to the heart from the body is low in ___________ and high in ____________ and other wastes. | oxygen; carbon dioxide
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| Carbon dioxide is removed in the _____________________of the circulatory system. | pulmonary circuit
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| Blood moves from the heart to the ___________, where the blood releases the carbon dioxide and obtains oxygen. | lungs
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| Wastes other than carbon dioxide are filtered out of the blood by the __________ in the excretory system. | kidneys
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| Do plants have a circulatory system for transporting nutrients to and from cells? | Yes, they do. Plants have a series of tubes within their stems, stalks, or trunks that carry water and nutrients from the roots to each leaf of the plant and carry sugars back down to the roots.
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| lung capillaries to pulmonary veins to left atrium to left ventricle to the aorta to arteries to capillaries to veins to vena cava to right atrium to left ventricle to pulmonary arteries |
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