Antiviral Drugs II
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| What RNA retrovirus causes AIDS? | HIV
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| What is the specific enzyme that antit-HIV drugs target? | Reverse Transcriptase (RT)
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| What specific enzyme inhibits the formation of viral DNA from RNA? | Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (RT)
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| How does RT inhibit the for formation of viral DNA from RNA? | Mutation of the RT enzyme is very rapid. Use at least 2 RT inhibitors simultaneously slows the emergence of resistant virus
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| What are the names of some useful Nucleoside Retro Transcriptase Inhibitor (NRTI)? | Zidovuldin, Lamivudine, Zalcitabine, Stavudine, Didanosine, Abacavir, Emtiricitabine.
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| What are the names of some useful Nonnucleoside Retro Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)? | Nevirapine, Delavirdine, Efavirenz.
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| What are the names of some useful Nucleotide Retro Transcriptase Inhibitor (RTI)? | Tenofovir
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| What RTI is given to healthcare providers, after they are accidentaly stuck with a needle? | Combivir (Zidovudine+Lamivudine)
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| What is the responsibility of the HIV protease enzyme? | Maturation of the newyl forming viral particles.
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| What effect does the protease inhibitor have on the HIV protease? | Interfere with the processing of viral protein, preventing formation of new viral particles.
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| What is the name of the useful protease inhibitors? | Amprenavir, Indinavire, Nelfinavir.
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| What is required for HIV enter the cells? | HIV must bind to CD4 lymphocyted recpetors.
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| What is the name of the fusion inhibitor that blocks the binding of HIV to CD4? | Enfuvirtide
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| What is the most effective Tx for HIV? | Tripel therapy (combine 2 RT inhibitors & 1 protease inhibitor)
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| What drug inhibits virus penetration or uncoating. it is also used to Tx & prevent influenzea type A infections? | Amantadine
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| This drug is good for Tx, prevention of influenza, inhibit virus penetration, & also parkinsons? | Rimantadine
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| What drug is used to block the release of influenze virus form infected cells, prevention & Tx of both influenza A & B infections? | Neuraminidase inhibitors (Zanamivir, Oseltamivir)
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| What drug is used topically, IV, & orally for the Tx of patients with herpes infections? | Acyclovir
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| What are the two types of herpes? | Type1= Oral, Type2=Genital
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| This drug is only for cytomegalovirus infections? | Gancyclovire
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| Drugs for respiratory syncytial viral infections (RSV)? | Ribavirin, Palivizumab
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| Drug is Used for the Tx of RSV in infants & young children, not in adults? | Ribavirin
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| This drug is a humanized monoclonal antibody given as an injection at the start of RSV season in high risk children to provide passive immunity. | Palivizumab
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| Drugs for hepatic viral infections? | Interferon, lamivudine, aedefovir, & entecavir.
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| Which drugs are for chronic Hepatitis B/C? | Interferon & lamivudine
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| What are the names of the cell cycles? | M-Phase, G1-Phase,G0-Phase, G2-Phase,S-Phase
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| What happens during the M Phase? | Period of cell division mitosis.
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| What happens during the G-1 Phase? | Cell growth RNA synthesis & protein synthesis.
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| What happens during the G-0 Phase? | Resting or dormant stage. No cell division, but cell is able to undergo mitosis.**This phase is most resistant to chemotherapeutics agents.
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| What happens during the S Phase? | DNA syntesis & cells that are in G-2 phase show the syntehsis of specialized proteins in preparation for cell replication.
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| Anticancer therapy is aimed at? | Killing dividing Cells.
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| How do anticancer drugs operate? | Kill a fraction of cells instead of an absolute number.
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| Do cancer cells mutate? | Yes, they contain a mutation that allows unrestricted growth, & they can also mutate in a way that make them resistant to anticancer drug.
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| What alkylating drug is good for Testicular cancer? | Cisplatin
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| What is the name of the most commonly used alkylating agent? | Cyclophosphamide
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| What are antimetabolites? | They compete for binding sites on enzymes or can be incorporated into DNA or RNA.
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| what is the most commonly used anticancer drug? | Methotrexate
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| What is drug is used to Tx psoriasis, rheulmatoid arthritis, & vatiety of cancers? | Methotrexate
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| What drug prevents Methotrexate from inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase 7 reverses allof its adverse effects excet neurotoxicitiy? | Leucovorin
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| Which antibiotic has a severe toxicity to heart? | Anthracyclines
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| Which antibiotic drug causes arrythmia? | Daunorubicin
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| Which antibiotic drug causes cardiotixcity, allopeica, bone marrow, & depression? | Doxorubicin
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| Which antibiotic drug protects cardiac muscle from anthracycline-induced- toxicity? | Dexrazoxane
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| Which antibiotic drug can cause fatal pulmonary fibrosis & extreme caution must be | Bleomycin
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| Which particular antibiotic drug Tx life-threatening hyperclacemia associated with malignancy | Plicamycin
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| What is the Vinca alkaloid that has bone marrow toxicity? | vincristine
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| What is the Vinca alkaloid that has neurological toxicity | vinblastine
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| What kind of tumors does the hormonal agents Tx ? | breast, prostate, & uterus
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| What is the goal of the hormonal agent? | reduce hormone level that stimulate growth of tumor & block hormone receptor
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| What is the difference between aromatase reaction and aromataste inhibitor? | The first increase synthesis of estrogen the latter decrease estrogen production (used in Tx of estrogen dependent breast cancer resistant tamoxifen.)
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| Names of aromatase inhibitors? | Anastrozole, Formestane,Letrozole
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| What is the first line agent in the Tx of estrogen receptor positive for breast cancer? | Tamoxifen
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| Names of aromatase inhibitors? | Anastrozole, Formestane,Letrozole
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| What kind of tumors does the hormonal agents Tx ? | breast, prostate, & uterus
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| GnRH Analog | Inhibit the release of FSH/LH thus reduce synthesis of androgen & estrogen
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| Drug used for mestastic prostatic cancer? | Leuprolide
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| What vaccine Tx UB carcinoma & IV use;It is non-specific stimulant of reticuloendothelial system? | Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) (Causes inflammation)
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| NSAIDs | Inhibit Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX1) & decrease prostaglandin synthesis.
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| What kind of risk are seen with longterm use of COX2? | Increase risk of mycardial infarctions & strokes.
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| Indomethacin | non-specific, Use gout & patent drutus afteriosus (PDA)
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| COX-2 Inhibitors | specific, less side effects on GI
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| Rofecoxib | Off market caused strokes
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| Acetaminophen | Inhibits prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS. mostly fevers, weak anti-inflammatory
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| Gold Salts | Good for anti-inflammatory
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| Infliximab | Ulcerative colitis(Contr Indi. in TB it makes latent TB active)
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| Gout | Uric acid leads to inflammation
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| Allopurinal | Decrease production of Uric Acid
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| Colchine | Acute attack of gout
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| Probenecid | Low uric acid elimination
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| Cyclosporine | Prevent & Tx transplanted organ rejection because it is a specific T cell inhibitor.
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| Cyclosporine side effect | nephro/neuro-toxicity, thromboembolism, & seizure
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| Azathioprine | Used in conjunction with cyclosporine to reduce the toxicity
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| Levamisole | Tx colon cancer
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