lifespan.development
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| nonverbal encoding p182 | nonverbal expression of emotion
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| is nonverbal encoding consistent across cultures? across ages? | yes
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| Consistencies in nonverbal emotional expression have led researchers p.182 | to believe that we are born with the capacity to display basic emotions
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| by age of 1 month, mothers p.183 | think babies express joy - also anger, others like sa
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| Charles Darwin's Expression of the emotions in man and animals p. 183 | humans and primates have inborn, universal set of emotional expressions
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| infants display similar kinds of emotions p. 183 | but the DEGREE of emotional expressivity varies among infants
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| by age 11 months, Chinese infants p183 | generally are less expressive than
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| emotion(3 components) p184 | biological (increased breathing) cognitive (awareness of anger & fear) and behavioral (crying)
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| Caroll Izard p184 -infants born with innate repertoir of emotional expression | basic emotional states-happiness & sadnes
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| Infants learn that by smiling | they get their own way
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| Stranger anxiety p184 | caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person
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| What age is stranger anxiety? | between 6-9 months common after 6 months
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| Infants are learning who they know, so strangers p185 | can evoke fear-like a question they cannot answer
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| separation anxiety | distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs
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| Is separation anxiety universal across cultures? | Yes, usually begins 7 or 8 months, then decreases
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| Stranger & separation anxiety reflect p185 | cognitive advances and social bonds between infants & caregivers
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| smiling | by 6-9 weeks, babies smile at people & things
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| social smile p 185 | in response to another person
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| separation anxiety peaks 185 | around 14 months - then declines
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| 18 months p186 social smiling | directed to mothers, not objects
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| nonverbal decoding p186 | infants interpret others' facial an vocal expressions
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| Which is sooner - infants discirminate facial expression or vocal? | vocal expression-about 5 months
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| study-pairing vocal & facial emotions p186 | 7 mo. infants discriminate
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| social referencing p186 | the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances & events
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| social referencing first occurs | about 8 or 9 months
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| social referencing ex.p186 | baby sees boy's argue-but mother smiles, so they are playing
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| social referencing (2) | a.) observing emotion brings on the emotion to the infant 2.) or viewing mother's expression simply gives information
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| When mother doesn't like toy p.187 | infant plays less, remembers later
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| self-awareness p 188 | knowledge of oneself
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| self awareness begins to grow | around 12 months
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| when do infants wipe off a spot on their nose? 188 | between 17-24 months of age
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| infants cry when asked to do a difficult task p188 | about 23-25 months - means they know they can't do it, so they feel frustrated
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| theory of mind p188 | by 18-24 months, Western infants have awareness of physical characteristics, understand they look the same over time, understand how mind operates
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| Theory of MInd p189 | John Flavell-infants have knowledge & beliefs about how mind works & influences behavior
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| theory of mind ex. | infants see people as very different from objects
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| compliant agents p189 | 18-mo. old asks father for more juice
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| capacity to understand intentionality & causality | behavior has meaning ex. father makes sandwich
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| empathy p 189 | emotional response that corresponds to feeling of another person
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| empathy-what age p189 | 1-yr olds pick up emotional cues from actress on televsision
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| attachment | the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual
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| Geese-attachment p190 | Karl Lorenz-geese followed first moving thing after birth
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| imprinting - geese | attachment has biologically determined factors
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| Freud-attachment | mother satifies oral needs
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| monkeys with wire feeding vs. cloth mother | Harlow - famous experminent
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| Bowlby - early research on attachment | human need safety & security (genetic) form attachment to primary caregiver (mother)
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| Ainsworth Strange Situation p191 | mother & baby in room, stranger comes in, mother exits
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| secure attachment pattern | mother is "home base" children explore, then seek contact with mother
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| avoidant attachment pattern | do not seek proximity to mother & are not distressed when leave, avoid her when she returns
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| ambivalent attachment pattern | children are distressed when mother leaves,they seek close contact but also hit & kick
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| disorganized disoriented attachment pattern | inconsistent-seem calm, then weep
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| attachments predict adult | romantic relationships
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| reactive attachment disorder | abuse caused-failure to thrive
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| interactional synchrony p193 | caregivers respond to infants appropriately & emotional states match
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| Ainsworth-attachment depends on | how mothers react to infants emotional cues
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| insecure attachment | mother ignores child's insistent cries
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| 194-depression & substance abuse | father's behavior related to
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| p 194 fathers play more | in all cultures
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| attachment differs across cultures p195 | Yes, western cultures prize independence, unlike others
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| infant interactions | mothers exagerate expressions, play games - itsy bitsy spider, peek-a-boo
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| mutual regulation model p197 | infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to on another to respond appropriately
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| recipricol socializtion | infants behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which bring more responses
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| sequence infant interaction p 197 | (blank)
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| infant's sociability with others | twins react to each other
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| 9-12 mont infants give toys | to others, play games
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| Meltzoff "expert" babies teach | ex Russell with velcro
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| mirro neurons | fire when someone observes another
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| - 198 inferior frontal gyrus | stimulates when individual acts, or watches another
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| autism p198 | (blank)
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| personality p199 | sum total of enduring characterstics that differentiate one individual from another
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| Erik Erikson p199 | infants early experience shape whether they are trusting or mistrustful
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| Erikson's theory of psychosocial development | development change occurs in 8 stages
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| trust-versus mistrust p200 | infants - according to how their caregivers provide their needs
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| autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage | 18 mos-3 years - children develop independence or they are overprotected
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| temperemant p200 | patterns of arousal & emotionality that are consistne and enduring characteristics of an individual
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| Erikson | personality is primarily shapped by infants experience
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| temperment refers to how children behave | not what they do
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| activity level p 200 | part of temperment
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| irritability p 200 | stabler across time
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| table-temperment qualities -p 201 | (blank)
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| Alexander Thoms &Stella Chess | temperment broad dimensions - new york longitudinal study
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| Easy-difficult-slow-to warm | p. 201
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| goodness of fit | development is dependent on match between temperment and demands of environment
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| biological basis of temperment p202 | inherited traits are stable in childhood ex. shyness
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| gender | sense of being male or female
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| gender vs. sex p203 | cultures have gender roles
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| girl playing with truck p 203 | (blank)
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| by age 2, boys less compliant more independent p204 | (blank)
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| androgen exposure p204 | male hormone; girls played with boys toys
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| p. 204 family statistics | 60% of children will live with single parent
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| p. 205 described good childcare | one adult for 3 infants - although 1 to 4 is OK
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| 2/3 of children 4 mos-3 years | nonparental child care
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| benefits of high -quality care | little difference; benefit from income & social; Early Head Start- solve problems better
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| low-quality care p 206 | less secure, low ability to work independently
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| p. 206 children more disruptive | (blank)
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