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lifespan.chap6
lifespan.development
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| nonverbal encoding p182 | nonverbal expression of emotion |
| is nonverbal encoding consistent across cultures? across ages? | yes |
| Consistencies in nonverbal emotional expression have led researchers p.182 | to believe that we are born with the capacity to display basic emotions |
| by age of 1 month, mothers p.183 | think babies express joy - also anger, others like sa |
| Charles Darwin's Expression of the emotions in man and animals p. 183 | humans and primates have inborn, universal set of emotional expressions |
| infants display similar kinds of emotions p. 183 | but the DEGREE of emotional expressivity varies among infants |
| by age 11 months, Chinese infants p183 | generally are less expressive than |
| emotion(3 components) p184 | biological (increased breathing) cognitive (awareness of anger & fear) and behavioral (crying) |
| Caroll Izard p184 -infants born with innate repertoir of emotional expression | basic emotional states-happiness & sadnes |
| Infants learn that by smiling | they get their own way |
| Stranger anxiety p184 | caution and wariness displayed by infants when encountering an unfamiliar person |
| What age is stranger anxiety? | between 6-9 months common after 6 months |
| Infants are learning who they know, so strangers p185 | can evoke fear-like a question they cannot answer |
| separation anxiety | distress displayed by infants when a customary care provider departs |
| Is separation anxiety universal across cultures? | Yes, usually begins 7 or 8 months, then decreases |
| Stranger & separation anxiety reflect p185 | cognitive advances and social bonds between infants & caregivers |
| smiling | by 6-9 weeks, babies smile at people & things |
| social smile p 185 | in response to another person |
| separation anxiety peaks 185 | around 14 months - then declines |
| 18 months p186 social smiling | directed to mothers, not objects |
| nonverbal decoding p186 | infants interpret others' facial an vocal expressions |
| Which is sooner - infants discirminate facial expression or vocal? | vocal expression-about 5 months |
| study-pairing vocal & facial emotions p186 | 7 mo. infants discriminate |
| social referencing p186 | the intentional search for information about others' feelings to help explain the meaning of uncertain circumstances & events |
| social referencing first occurs | about 8 or 9 months |
| social referencing ex.p186 | baby sees boy's argue-but mother smiles, so they are playing |
| social referencing (2) | a.) observing emotion brings on the emotion to the infant 2.) or viewing mother's expression simply gives information |
| When mother doesn't like toy p.187 | infant plays less, remembers later |
| self-awareness p 188 | knowledge of oneself |
| self awareness begins to grow | around 12 months |
| when do infants wipe off a spot on their nose? 188 | between 17-24 months of age |
| infants cry when asked to do a difficult task p188 | about 23-25 months - means they know they can't do it, so they feel frustrated |
| theory of mind p188 | by 18-24 months, Western infants have awareness of physical characteristics, understand they look the same over time, understand how mind operates |
| Theory of MInd p189 | John Flavell-infants have knowledge & beliefs about how mind works & influences behavior |
| theory of mind ex. | infants see people as very different from objects |
| compliant agents p189 | 18-mo. old asks father for more juice |
| capacity to understand intentionality & causality | behavior has meaning ex. father makes sandwich |
| empathy p 189 | emotional response that corresponds to feeling of another person |
| empathy-what age p189 | 1-yr olds pick up emotional cues from actress on televsision |
| attachment | the positive emotional bond that develops between a child and a particular individual |
| Geese-attachment p190 | Karl Lorenz-geese followed first moving thing after birth |
| imprinting - geese | attachment has biologically determined factors |
| Freud-attachment | mother satifies oral needs |
| monkeys with wire feeding vs. cloth mother | Harlow - famous experminent |
| Bowlby - early research on attachment | human need safety & security (genetic) form attachment to primary caregiver (mother) |
| Ainsworth Strange Situation p191 | mother & baby in room, stranger comes in, mother exits |
| secure attachment pattern | mother is "home base" children explore, then seek contact with mother |
| avoidant attachment pattern | do not seek proximity to mother & are not distressed when leave, avoid her when she returns |
| ambivalent attachment pattern | children are distressed when mother leaves,they seek close contact but also hit & kick |
| disorganized disoriented attachment pattern | inconsistent-seem calm, then weep |
| attachments predict adult | romantic relationships |
| reactive attachment disorder | abuse caused-failure to thrive |
| interactional synchrony p193 | caregivers respond to infants appropriately & emotional states match |
| Ainsworth-attachment depends on | how mothers react to infants emotional cues |
| insecure attachment | mother ignores child's insistent cries |
| 194-depression & substance abuse | father's behavior related to |
| p 194 fathers play more | in all cultures |
| attachment differs across cultures p195 | Yes, western cultures prize independence, unlike others |
| infant interactions | mothers exagerate expressions, play games - itsy bitsy spider, peek-a-boo |
| mutual regulation model p197 | infants and parents learn to communicate emotional states to on another to respond appropriately |
| recipricol socializtion | infants behaviors invite further responses from parents and other caregivers, which bring more responses |
| sequence infant interaction p 197 | (blank) |
| infant's sociability with others | twins react to each other |
| 9-12 mont infants give toys | to others, play games |
| Meltzoff "expert" babies teach | ex Russell with velcro |
| mirro neurons | fire when someone observes another |
| - 198 inferior frontal gyrus | stimulates when individual acts, or watches another |
| autism p198 | (blank) |
| personality p199 | sum total of enduring characterstics that differentiate one individual from another |
| Erik Erikson p199 | infants early experience shape whether they are trusting or mistrustful |
| Erikson's theory of psychosocial development | development change occurs in 8 stages |
| trust-versus mistrust p200 | infants - according to how their caregivers provide their needs |
| autonomy-versus-shame-and-doubt stage | 18 mos-3 years - children develop independence or they are overprotected |
| temperemant p200 | patterns of arousal & emotionality that are consistne and enduring characteristics of an individual |
| Erikson | personality is primarily shapped by infants experience |
| temperment refers to how children behave | not what they do |
| activity level p 200 | part of temperment |
| irritability p 200 | stabler across time |
| table-temperment qualities -p 201 | (blank) |
| Alexander Thoms &Stella Chess | temperment broad dimensions - new york longitudinal study |
| Easy-difficult-slow-to warm | p. 201 |
| goodness of fit | development is dependent on match between temperment and demands of environment |
| biological basis of temperment p202 | inherited traits are stable in childhood ex. shyness |
| gender | sense of being male or female |
| gender vs. sex p203 | cultures have gender roles |
| girl playing with truck p 203 | (blank) |
| by age 2, boys less compliant more independent p204 | (blank) |
| androgen exposure p204 | male hormone; girls played with boys toys |
| p. 204 family statistics | 60% of children will live with single parent |
| p. 205 described good childcare | one adult for 3 infants - although 1 to 4 is OK |
| 2/3 of children 4 mos-3 years | nonparental child care |
| benefits of high -quality care | little difference; benefit from income & social; Early Head Start- solve problems better |
| low-quality care p 206 | less secure, low ability to work independently |
| p. 206 children more disruptive | (blank) |
Created by:
walterina4327