lifespan.tri-c.online.summer08.c
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| Lifespan development | understanding the growth and change that occur during the course of life p.4
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| Lifespan development (glossary) | the field of study that examine patterns of growth, change and stability in BEHAVIOR that occur throughout the entire life span
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| physical development (4 basic components) | Development involving the body's entire physical makeup (brain, nervous system, senses, etc.) and need for food, drink and sleep
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| cognitive development | Ways that growth & change in INTELLECTUAL capabilities influence BEHAVIOR
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| Personality development | Enduring characteristics that differenetiate one person from another & change over life span
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| Social development | Interactions with others & social relationships grow, change & remain stable
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| Cognitive (4) | Learning, memory, problem solving and intelligence
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| social construction | shared notion of reality - at a given time
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| cohort | a group of people born around the same time in the same place
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| History-graded influences | biological and environmental influences associated with a historical moment Ex. World Trade Center attack
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| continuous change | gradual development
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| discontinuous change | distinct steps or sgeages with each stage bring different behavior
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| critical period | specific time during development when event has greatest consequences; also, when certain stimuli are necesary fro development to proceed normally
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| sensitive periods | people need certain stimuli in environemnt, but they can overcome deficiences
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| maturation | the predetermined unfolding of genetic information
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| nurture | environmental influences that shape behavior
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| psychoanalytic theory | Freud-unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior
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| id, ego & superego | Id-primitive drives; pleasure-ego-rational-superego - conscience
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| psychodynamic perspective | behavior is motivated by inner forces, moemoreis and conflicts beyond awareness & control
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| Erik Erikson | psychosocial development-change in interactions & knowledge within ourselves & as members of society
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| behavioral perspective | understanding development through observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment
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| classical conditioning | Pavlov's dogs - bell rang when meat was served; dogs salivated when they heard the bell
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| operant conditioning | a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its assocation with positive or negative consequences
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| behavior modification | formal technique for promoting frequency of desirable behaviors
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| social-cognitive theory | learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model
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| Piaget's theory of cognitive development | all people pas through fixed sequence series of universal stage of development
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| information processing approaches | cognitive development-seek to identify ways individuals take in, use, and store information
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| cognitive neuroscience approaches | examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes
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| Humanistic perspecitve | people have natural capacity to make decisions and control behavior - free will & self-actualization
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| Contextual perspective | considers relationships between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personaltiy and social worlds
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| bioecological approach | different levels of environment simultaneously influence individuals
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| Bronfenbrenners' approach | microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem & macrosystem
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| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory | cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture
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| evolutionary perspective | identify behavioral that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
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| hypothesis | predition stted in a way that permits it to be tested
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| correlational research | seeks to identify relationships between two factors
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| experimental research | designed to discover causal relationships between various factors
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| correlation coefficient | strength & direction of two factors is represented by a mathematical score Ex. # of hours watching violent television correlates with aggressive behaviors
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| naturalistic observation | observe naturally occuring behavior
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| ethnography | field observation's of a culture similar to techniques used by anthropologists
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| case studies | extensive, in-depth interview with individuals and groups
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| psychophysiological methods | relationship between physiological processes and behavior
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| zygote | first cell formed after gametes-spern & ovum - merge
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| genes | 23 pairs - composed of specific sequences of DNA
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| monosygotic twins | twins who are genetically identical
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| dizygotic twins | two seperate ova-fertilized at the same time
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| Dominant trait | the trait that is expressed when two competing traits ar present
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| recessive trait | a trait within an organism that is present, but not expressed
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| genotype | the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism
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| phenotype | observable trait
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| alleles | genes governing traits that may take alternate forms, Ex. eye color
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| homozygous | if child has some trait from both parents, it will be expressed Ex. Brown eys
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| heterozygous | inheriting different forms of a gene for a given trait Ex. brown & blue eyes; brown will dominate
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| PKU phenylketonuria | both parents must have gene & pass to child
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| polygenic inheritance | combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for production of a particular trait
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| x-linked genes | transmitted only on X gene; males suffer from more diseases because they lack an "opposing" gene on the Y chromosome
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| behavioral genetics | use of genetics to study shyness, depression, etc.
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| genetic disorders | down syndrome, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease
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| genetic counseling | deal with issues relating to inherited disorders
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| ultrasound sonography | high-frequency sound wavesscan the mother's womb
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| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | test for genetic defects-take samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo
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| amniocentesis | Identify genetic defects by drowing needle into amniotic fluid, getting cells & examining them
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| germinal stage | fertilazation to 2 weeks
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| embryonic | 2 weeks to 8 weeks
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| ectoderm | layer in embryo-will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs & brain
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| endoderm | will form digestive system, liver, pancreas & respiratory
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| mesoderm | muslces, bones, blood & circulatory system
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| fetal stage | 8 weeks to birth
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| artificial insemination | sperm placed in vagina by physician
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| in vitro fertilization | ova are removed, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory
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| teratogen | a factor that produces a birth defect
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| fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects | mental retardation, facial deformities
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| neonates | newborn
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| oxytocin | hormone released by mother's pituitary gland; makes uterus contract
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| episiotomy | an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the babby to pass
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| braxton-hicks contractions | false labor
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| 1st stage labor | contractions 8-10 minutes&30 seconds-16-24 hours- ends when cervix fully opens
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| 2nd stage labor | lasts 90 minutes-baby's head & then rest of body emerges
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| 3rd stage labor | umbilical cord & placenta are expelled; takes a few minutes
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| apgar scale | given at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth
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| apgar scale measures | skin color (pink?) - pulse-grimace-activity(muscle tone) & respiration
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| APGAR stands for | appearance, pulse, grimace, activity & respiration
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| anoxia | restriction of oxygen to the brain during birth; can produce brain damage
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| bonding | "imprinting" but humans are not ducklings-critical period lasting a few hours
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| Lamaze | breathing techniques & relaxation training
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| bradley method | Husband-coached childbirth- don't use physicians
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| hypnobirthing | self-hypnosis during delivery
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| home birth | netherlands
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| low-birthweight infants | infants who weight less than 2,500 grams (less than 5 1/2 pounds)
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| small-for-gestational age | weigh just 90% or less than normal infants
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| respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | low birthweight babies lungs are not developed
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| preterm children | show learning disabilities, behavior disorders or lower-then-average IQ
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| Very-low birthweight infact - | less than 1,250 grams (less than 2 1/4 pounds) - in womb less than 30 weeks
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| age of viability | age at which newborn can survive prematurely
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| babies survive best after at least | 28-32 weeks
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| what causes preterm & low-birthweight | causes by mothers under 15, twins, old fathers, pregnant within 6 months
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| postmature infants | infants still not born 2 weeks after the due date
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| cesarean delivery | surgical removal from the uterus
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| breech position | baby is feet first in birth canal
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| fetal monitors | device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor
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| cesarion - against | mother's recovery, baby needs labor to release hormones - may affect breathing - birthing experience is not good
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| stillbirth | child is not alive - 1 out of 100 deliveries
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| infant mortaility | defined as death within the first year of life
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| postpartum depression | triggered by hormonal swings
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| newborn reflexes | sucking, swallowing, rooting-cough, sneeze, blink
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| neonatal jaundice | liver is immature-1/2 of newbors develop yellowish tinge to bodies
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| reflexes (definition) | unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically
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| senses | prefer blue & green colors
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| hearing | react to sudden noises, but amniotic fluid is still trapped in middle ear
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| touch, smell & taste are | all present in neonates
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| classical conditioning | baby responds to neutral stimulus - by associating it with something else (pavlov's dogs)
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| classical conditioning | stroke head; give sweet-tasting liquid
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| operant conditioning | a voluntary response is strengthened depending on what happens (ex. infant cries loud, parents come)
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| habituation | first reacts to toy; then is used to it
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| habituation | a DECREASE in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus
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| states of arousal | different degrees of sleep and wakefullness -
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| an infant's head is | 1/4 length of body
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| an adult's head is | 1/8 lenght of body
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| cephalocaudal principle | "head to tail" in greek - growth starts at head & goes downward
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| proximodistal principle | "near" to "far" trunk grows before legs, - arms & legs-then fingers & toes
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| hierarchical integration | simple skills develop independently, then are integrated into more complex skills
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| independence of systems | different systems grow at different rates
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| neuron | basic nerve cell of the nervous system
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| synapse | gap at connection between neurons, though which neurons chemically communicate with one another
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| dendrites | cluster of fibers which RECEIVE messages from other cells
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| axons | "tail" part of neuron which carries message to other cells
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| synaptic pruning | brain develops neurons that are needed; others are eliminated
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| unlike other organs, neurons develop through | LOSS of cells
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| myelin sheath | fatty substance coating neuron sheath
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| synaptic pruning | the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation
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| cerebral cortex | upper layer of the brain
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| subcortical levels | BELOW cerebral cortex; regulate breathing
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| plasticity | developing structure can be modified by experience
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| sensitive period | time, usually early, when development depends on certain stimuli
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| rythms | repetitive, cyclic patterns of behavior
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| state | the degree of awarenes of internal & external stimulation
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| states EX | alertness, fussing, crying
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| REM | rapid eye movement - indicates dreaming
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| infants have REM sleep | about 1/2 of the time (compared to 20% in adults)
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| REM-age 6 months | 1/2
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| REM sleep could be | autostimulation -brain stimulates itself
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| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | about 1 in 1,000 - brain defect, low birthweight, smoking moms, child abuse
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| nervous system has | BILLIONS of neurons & interconnections-then decrease
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| reflexes | unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically
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| eye-blink & gag reflex | entire lifespan
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| swimming reflex | 4-6 months
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| stepping reflext | 2 months
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| crawling | 8-10 m.
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| rolling over | 3.2 m.
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| walking | 12.3 m
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| reach toward object (2) | 4 weeks (disappears) 4 months
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| pick up small objects | 11 months
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| dynamic systems theory | "assembled" motor skills-not just response to programming
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| norms | average performance of a large sample of children at a given age
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| brazelton neonatal behavior assessment scale (NBAS) | measure to test infants' neuroglogical and behavioral responses
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| nutrition-infants consume ___ calories per day for each pound they weigh | about 50 calories
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| undernutrition | Deficiency in diet
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| marasmus | severe deficiency in proteins and calories
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| kwashiorkor | child's stomach, limbs & face swell with water
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| nonorganic failure to thrive | due to lack of love and emotional support lack of stiumulation and inadequate parenting
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| obesity | weight greater than 20% above average for given height
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| breast feedins | easier to digest, immunity, no allergies, emotional advantages
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| breast feeding for mom | lower rates of ovarian cancer, uterus shrinks, helps to prevent babies too close together
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| solid foods | 4-6 months
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| weaning | Am. Ac. of Peds-feed breast milk firs 12 months
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| sensation | physical stimulation of the sense organs
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| perception | interpretation & analysis, integration of stimuli
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| visual perception | infants -1/10 to 1/3 of adults
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| infants are 20/20 | 6 months of age
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| binocular vision | around 14 weeks
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| depth perception | 6-14 months-babies would not crawl over cliff
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| infants can hear high & low frequencies | true
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| soundlocalization | ability to pinpoint direction of sound; reach adult levels at 1 year
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| discriminate between words | as young as 1 month old
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| their own name | 4 1/2 months
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| between Eng. & Span | 5 months
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| smell & taste | breastfed infants smell mom on gauze
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| pain & touch | don't have same pain-there is developmental progression in pain
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| touch-put objects in mouth | 6 months
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| preterm infants with massage | gained weight 50% more
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| multimodal approach to perception | theories about how infants integrate toy with smell, or recognize it again
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| affordances | options that a given stimulus provides - ex toy telephone
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walterina4327