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Lifespan.feldman.1-5
lifespan.tri-c.online.summer08.c
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Lifespan development | understanding the growth and change that occur during the course of life p.4 |
| Lifespan development (glossary) | the field of study that examine patterns of growth, change and stability in BEHAVIOR that occur throughout the entire life span |
| physical development (4 basic components) | Development involving the body's entire physical makeup (brain, nervous system, senses, etc.) and need for food, drink and sleep |
| cognitive development | Ways that growth & change in INTELLECTUAL capabilities influence BEHAVIOR |
| Personality development | Enduring characteristics that differenetiate one person from another & change over life span |
| Social development | Interactions with others & social relationships grow, change & remain stable |
| Cognitive (4) | Learning, memory, problem solving and intelligence |
| social construction | shared notion of reality - at a given time |
| cohort | a group of people born around the same time in the same place |
| History-graded influences | biological and environmental influences associated with a historical moment Ex. World Trade Center attack |
| continuous change | gradual development |
| discontinuous change | distinct steps or sgeages with each stage bring different behavior |
| critical period | specific time during development when event has greatest consequences; also, when certain stimuli are necesary fro development to proceed normally |
| sensitive periods | people need certain stimuli in environemnt, but they can overcome deficiences |
| maturation | the predetermined unfolding of genetic information |
| nurture | environmental influences that shape behavior |
| psychoanalytic theory | Freud-unconscious forces act to determine personality and behavior |
| id, ego & superego | Id-primitive drives; pleasure-ego-rational-superego - conscience |
| psychodynamic perspective | behavior is motivated by inner forces, moemoreis and conflicts beyond awareness & control |
| Erik Erikson | psychosocial development-change in interactions & knowledge within ourselves & as members of society |
| behavioral perspective | understanding development through observable behavior and outside stimuli in the environment |
| classical conditioning | Pavlov's dogs - bell rang when meat was served; dogs salivated when they heard the bell |
| operant conditioning | a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by its assocation with positive or negative consequences |
| behavior modification | formal technique for promoting frequency of desirable behaviors |
| social-cognitive theory | learning by observing the behavior of another person, called a model |
| Piaget's theory of cognitive development | all people pas through fixed sequence series of universal stage of development |
| information processing approaches | cognitive development-seek to identify ways individuals take in, use, and store information |
| cognitive neuroscience approaches | examine cognitive development through the lens of brain processes |
| Humanistic perspecitve | people have natural capacity to make decisions and control behavior - free will & self-actualization |
| Contextual perspective | considers relationships between individuals and their physical, cognitive, personaltiy and social worlds |
| bioecological approach | different levels of environment simultaneously influence individuals |
| Bronfenbrenners' approach | microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem & macrosystem |
| Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory | cognitive development proceeds as a result of social interactions between members of a culture |
| evolutionary perspective | identify behavioral that is the result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors |
| hypothesis | predition stted in a way that permits it to be tested |
| correlational research | seeks to identify relationships between two factors |
| experimental research | designed to discover causal relationships between various factors |
| correlation coefficient | strength & direction of two factors is represented by a mathematical score Ex. # of hours watching violent television correlates with aggressive behaviors |
| naturalistic observation | observe naturally occuring behavior |
| ethnography | field observation's of a culture similar to techniques used by anthropologists |
| case studies | extensive, in-depth interview with individuals and groups |
| psychophysiological methods | relationship between physiological processes and behavior |
| zygote | first cell formed after gametes-spern & ovum - merge |
| genes | 23 pairs - composed of specific sequences of DNA |
| monosygotic twins | twins who are genetically identical |
| dizygotic twins | two seperate ova-fertilized at the same time |
| Dominant trait | the trait that is expressed when two competing traits ar present |
| recessive trait | a trait within an organism that is present, but not expressed |
| genotype | the underlying combination of genetic material present (but not outwardly visible) in an organism |
| phenotype | observable trait |
| alleles | genes governing traits that may take alternate forms, Ex. eye color |
| homozygous | if child has some trait from both parents, it will be expressed Ex. Brown eys |
| heterozygous | inheriting different forms of a gene for a given trait Ex. brown & blue eyes; brown will dominate |
| PKU phenylketonuria | both parents must have gene & pass to child |
| polygenic inheritance | combination of multiple gene pairs is responsible for production of a particular trait |
| x-linked genes | transmitted only on X gene; males suffer from more diseases because they lack an "opposing" gene on the Y chromosome |
| behavioral genetics | use of genetics to study shyness, depression, etc. |
| genetic disorders | down syndrome, sickle-cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease |
| genetic counseling | deal with issues relating to inherited disorders |
| ultrasound sonography | high-frequency sound wavesscan the mother's womb |
| chorionic villus sampling (CVS) | test for genetic defects-take samples of hairlike material that surrounds the embryo |
| amniocentesis | Identify genetic defects by drowing needle into amniotic fluid, getting cells & examining them |
| germinal stage | fertilazation to 2 weeks |
| embryonic | 2 weeks to 8 weeks |
| ectoderm | layer in embryo-will form skin, hair, teeth, sense organs & brain |
| endoderm | will form digestive system, liver, pancreas & respiratory |
| mesoderm | muslces, bones, blood & circulatory system |
| fetal stage | 8 weeks to birth |
| artificial insemination | sperm placed in vagina by physician |
| in vitro fertilization | ova are removed, fertilized with sperm in a laboratory |
| teratogen | a factor that produces a birth defect |
| fetal alcohol syndrome or fetal alcohol effects | mental retardation, facial deformities |
| neonates | newborn |
| oxytocin | hormone released by mother's pituitary gland; makes uterus contract |
| episiotomy | an incision sometimes made to increase the size of the opening of the vagina to allow the babby to pass |
| braxton-hicks contractions | false labor |
| 1st stage labor | contractions 8-10 minutes&30 seconds-16-24 hours- ends when cervix fully opens |
| 2nd stage labor | lasts 90 minutes-baby's head & then rest of body emerges |
| 3rd stage labor | umbilical cord & placenta are expelled; takes a few minutes |
| apgar scale | given at 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth |
| apgar scale measures | skin color (pink?) - pulse-grimace-activity(muscle tone) & respiration |
| APGAR stands for | appearance, pulse, grimace, activity & respiration |
| anoxia | restriction of oxygen to the brain during birth; can produce brain damage |
| bonding | "imprinting" but humans are not ducklings-critical period lasting a few hours |
| Lamaze | breathing techniques & relaxation training |
| bradley method | Husband-coached childbirth- don't use physicians |
| hypnobirthing | self-hypnosis during delivery |
| home birth | netherlands |
| low-birthweight infants | infants who weight less than 2,500 grams (less than 5 1/2 pounds) |
| small-for-gestational age | weigh just 90% or less than normal infants |
| respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) | low birthweight babies lungs are not developed |
| preterm children | show learning disabilities, behavior disorders or lower-then-average IQ |
| Very-low birthweight infact - | less than 1,250 grams (less than 2 1/4 pounds) - in womb less than 30 weeks |
| age of viability | age at which newborn can survive prematurely |
| babies survive best after at least | 28-32 weeks |
| what causes preterm & low-birthweight | causes by mothers under 15, twins, old fathers, pregnant within 6 months |
| postmature infants | infants still not born 2 weeks after the due date |
| cesarean delivery | surgical removal from the uterus |
| breech position | baby is feet first in birth canal |
| fetal monitors | device that measures the baby's heartbeat during labor |
| cesarion - against | mother's recovery, baby needs labor to release hormones - may affect breathing - birthing experience is not good |
| stillbirth | child is not alive - 1 out of 100 deliveries |
| infant mortaility | defined as death within the first year of life |
| postpartum depression | triggered by hormonal swings |
| newborn reflexes | sucking, swallowing, rooting-cough, sneeze, blink |
| neonatal jaundice | liver is immature-1/2 of newbors develop yellowish tinge to bodies |
| reflexes (definition) | unlearned, organized, involuntary responses that occur automatically |
| senses | prefer blue & green colors |
| hearing | react to sudden noises, but amniotic fluid is still trapped in middle ear |
| touch, smell & taste are | all present in neonates |
| classical conditioning | baby responds to neutral stimulus - by associating it with something else (pavlov's dogs) |
| classical conditioning | stroke head; give sweet-tasting liquid |
| operant conditioning | a voluntary response is strengthened depending on what happens (ex. infant cries loud, parents come) |
| habituation | first reacts to toy; then is used to it |
| habituation | a DECREASE in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations of the stimulus |
| states of arousal | different degrees of sleep and wakefullness - |
| an infant's head is | 1/4 length of body |
| an adult's head is | 1/8 lenght of body |
| cephalocaudal principle | "head to tail" in greek - growth starts at head & goes downward |
| proximodistal principle | "near" to "far" trunk grows before legs, - arms & legs-then fingers & toes |
| hierarchical integration | simple skills develop independently, then are integrated into more complex skills |
| independence of systems | different systems grow at different rates |
| neuron | basic nerve cell of the nervous system |
| synapse | gap at connection between neurons, though which neurons chemically communicate with one another |
| dendrites | cluster of fibers which RECEIVE messages from other cells |
| axons | "tail" part of neuron which carries message to other cells |
| synaptic pruning | brain develops neurons that are needed; others are eliminated |
| unlike other organs, neurons develop through | LOSS of cells |
| myelin sheath | fatty substance coating neuron sheath |
| synaptic pruning | the elimination of neurons as the result of nonuse or lack of stimulation |
| cerebral cortex | upper layer of the brain |
| subcortical levels | BELOW cerebral cortex; regulate breathing |
| plasticity | developing structure can be modified by experience |
| sensitive period | time, usually early, when development depends on certain stimuli |
| rythms | repetitive, cyclic patterns of behavior |
| state | the degree of awarenes of internal & external stimulation |
| states EX | alertness, fussing, crying |
| REM | rapid eye movement - indicates dreaming |
| infants have REM sleep | about 1/2 of the time (compared to 20% in adults) |
| REM-age 6 months | 1/2 |
| REM sleep could be | autostimulation -brain stimulates itself |
| sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) | about 1 in 1,000 - brain defect, low birthweight, smoking moms, child abuse |
| nervous system has | BILLIONS of neurons & interconnections-then decrease |
| reflexes | unlearned, unorganized, involuntary responses that occur automatically |
| eye-blink & gag reflex | entire lifespan |
| swimming reflex | 4-6 months |
| stepping reflext | 2 months |
| crawling | 8-10 m. |
| rolling over | 3.2 m. |
| walking | 12.3 m |
| reach toward object (2) | 4 weeks (disappears) 4 months |
| pick up small objects | 11 months |
| dynamic systems theory | "assembled" motor skills-not just response to programming |
| norms | average performance of a large sample of children at a given age |
| brazelton neonatal behavior assessment scale (NBAS) | measure to test infants' neuroglogical and behavioral responses |
| nutrition-infants consume ___ calories per day for each pound they weigh | about 50 calories |
| undernutrition | Deficiency in diet |
| marasmus | severe deficiency in proteins and calories |
| kwashiorkor | child's stomach, limbs & face swell with water |
| nonorganic failure to thrive | due to lack of love and emotional support lack of stiumulation and inadequate parenting |
| obesity | weight greater than 20% above average for given height |
| breast feedins | easier to digest, immunity, no allergies, emotional advantages |
| breast feeding for mom | lower rates of ovarian cancer, uterus shrinks, helps to prevent babies too close together |
| solid foods | 4-6 months |
| weaning | Am. Ac. of Peds-feed breast milk firs 12 months |
| sensation | physical stimulation of the sense organs |
| perception | interpretation & analysis, integration of stimuli |
| visual perception | infants -1/10 to 1/3 of adults |
| infants are 20/20 | 6 months of age |
| binocular vision | around 14 weeks |
| depth perception | 6-14 months-babies would not crawl over cliff |
| infants can hear high & low frequencies | true |
| soundlocalization | ability to pinpoint direction of sound; reach adult levels at 1 year |
| discriminate between words | as young as 1 month old |
| their own name | 4 1/2 months |
| between Eng. & Span | 5 months |
| smell & taste | breastfed infants smell mom on gauze |
| pain & touch | don't have same pain-there is developmental progression in pain |
| touch-put objects in mouth | 6 months |
| preterm infants with massage | gained weight 50% more |
| multimodal approach to perception | theories about how infants integrate toy with smell, or recognize it again |
| affordances | options that a given stimulus provides - ex toy telephone |
Created by:
walterina4327