physiology
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| acetylcholine | a neurotransmitter that stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system and the skeletal muscles and is involved in memory
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| active transport | the transport of substances into or out of a cell using energy
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| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a compound that stores energy in the muscles, when atp is broken down during catabolic reactions, it releases energy
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| afferent | toward a center or point of reference
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| afferent nerves | sensory nerves that link sensory receptors with the central nervous system and transmit sensory information
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| amphiarthrosis | slightly movable joint that connects bone to bone with fibrocartilage or hyaline growth cartilage. The two types in the human body are symphyses and synchondrosis
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| apical surface | the surface of epithelial cells that is exposed to the external surface such as the atmoshphere or a passage in the body
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| ascending tracts | tracts that carry sensory information to the brain
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| basement membrane | a permeable membrane that attaches epithelial tissues to the underlying connective tissues
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| carotene | a yellow pigment found in the dermis that provides a natural yellow tint to the skin of some individuals
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| cerebellum | the second largest part of the brain, the cerebellum is involved with balance, posture, coordination, and movement
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| cerebrum | largest of the brain divisions, consists of two hemispheres that occupy the uppermost regions of the cranium. receives, interprets, and associates incoming information with past memories and then transmits the appropriate motor response
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| ceruminous glands | modified apocrine glands found int the external ear canal that secrete cerumen
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| closed-packed position | only position of a synovial joint in which the surfaces fit precisely together and maximal contact between the opposing surfaces occur. Compression of the joint surfaces permits no movement, and joint posssesses greatest stability
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| compact (dense) bone | hard portion of bone that protects spongy bone and provides the firm framework of the bone and the body. Osteocytes in they type of bone are located in concentric rings around haversian canal
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| cortisol | a glucocorticoid, also known as hydrocortisone. Levels of stressoften are measured by cortisol levels
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| cytoplasm | material enclosed by the cell membrane
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| cytosol | the fluid that surrounds the nucleus or organelles inside the cell membrane
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| cytoskeleton | a framework of proteins inside the cell providing flexibility and strength
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| dendrites | branching projections from th nerve cell body that carry signals to the cell body
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| dermatome | a cutaneous section supplied by a single spinal nerve
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| dermis | the inner layer of sking that contains collagen and elastin fibers, which provide much of the structure and strength of the skin, and is much thicker than the epidermis
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| descendig tracts | tracts that carry motor information from the brain to the epidermis
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| diarthrosis | a freely movable synovial joint
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| diffusion | movement of ions and molecules from an area of higher concentration to that of a lower concentration
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| dopamine | a catecholamine found in the brain and autonomic system, generally a stimulant, depamine is involved in emotions/mood and in regulating morotr control and the executive functioning of the brain
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| dorsal root | one of two roots that attaches a spinal nerve to the spinal cord
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| eccentric contraction | the action of antagonist by which a muscle lengthen while under tension and changes in tension to control the sedcent of the resistance
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| eccrine | a type of sweat gland that releases a watery fluid known as sweat
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| efferent | away from a center or point of reference
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| efferent nerves | motor nerves that link the cns to the effectors outside it and transmit motor impulses
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| endocrine gland | a ductless gland that secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream
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| endocytosis | cellular procress of engulfing particles located outside the cell membrane into a cell by forming vesicles
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| endosteum | a thin membrane of connective tissue that lines the marrow cavity of a bone
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| erythrocytes | red blood cells that contain hemoglobin and function to transport oxygen to the cells and carbon dioxide away from the cells
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| etiology | the study of the factors involved in the development of disease
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| exocrine gland | a gland that secretes hormones through ducts directly into specific areas
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| exocytosis | the movement of substances out of a cell
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| facilitated diffusion | the transport of substances by carriers to which the substance binds to move the substance into a cell along the concentration gradient without energy
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| feedback loop | a self-regulating control system in the body that receives information, integrates that information, and provides a response to maintain homeostasis
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| negative feedback loop | reverses the original stimulus
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| postivie feedback loop | enhances and maintains the stimulus
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| fibrocartilage | a connective tissue that permits little motion in joints and structures
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| free nerve endings | sensory receptors that detect itch and tickle sensations
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| ganglion | cystic, round, usually nontender swellings located along tendon sheats or joint capsules
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| gray matter | unmyelinated nervous tissue, particularly that found in the cns
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| ground substance | medium in which the cells and protein fibers are suspended.
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| hemoglobin | oxygen carrying, red colored moecule in the blood
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| hyaline cartilage | the thin convering of articular connective tissue on the ends of the bones in freely movable joint in the adult skeleton
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| inertia | the reluctance of matter to hange its state of motion
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| isometric contraction | the action of the prime mover that occurs when tension develops within the muscle but no appreciable change occurs in the joint angle or the length of the muscle. movement doesn't occur
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| isotonic contraction | the action of the prime mover that occurs when tension develops in the muscle while it shortens or lengthens
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| ligaments | connect bones and strengthen and stabilize the joint
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| loos packed position | position of a synovial joint in which the joint capsule is most lax
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| lysosome | cell organelle that is part of the intracellular digestive system
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| matrix | basic substance between the cells of a tissue
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| meiosis | a type of cell division inwhich each daughter cell receives halfthe normal number of chromosomes
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| microvilli | small projections of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of the cell
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| micturition | clincial term for urination or voiding
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| mitochondria | cell organelles of rod or oval shape
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| mitosis | cell divission in which the cell duplicates its dna
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| motor unit | a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls
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| myelin | a white, fatty, insulating substance formed by the schwann cells that surrounds some axons
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| myotome | a skeletal muscle of group of skeletal muscles that receives motor axons from a particular spinal nerve
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| neoplasm | the abnormal growth of new tissue
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| neurilemma | the outer cell membrane of schwann cell that is essential in the regeneration of injured axons
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| neuroglia | specialized connective tissue cells that support, protect, and hold neurons together
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| osmosis | diffusion of water from a region of lower concentration of solution to a region of higher concentration of solution across the semipermiable membrane of a cell
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| passive transport | transportation of a substance across the cell membrane without the use of energy
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| pericardium | a double membranous, serous sac surrounding the heart. secretes a lubricationg gluid to prevent friction from the movement of the heart
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| periosteum | the thin membrane of connective tissue that covers bones except at articulations
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| peristalsis | rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles that propel products of digestion along the tract from the esophagus to the anus
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| peritoneum | the mucous membran the lines the abdominal cavity to prevent friction from the organs
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| phagocytosis | the process of endocytosis followed by digestion of the vesicle contents by enzymes present in the cytoplasm
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| piezoelectric | the quality of bones that allows them to deform slightly and vibrate when electrical currents pass through them.
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| reflex arc | the pathway that a nerve impuls follows in a reflex action
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| reticular fibers | delicate, connective tissue fibers that occur in networks and support small structures
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| sebaceous glands | the oil glands found in the skin
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| sebum | the oily substance secreted by sebaceous glands that prevents dehydration, softends skin and hair, and slows the growth of bacteria
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| static force | force applied to an object in such a way that it does not produce movement
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| symphisis | a cartilaginous joint in which the two bony components are joined directly by fibrocartilage in the form of a disk or plate
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| synapse | spaces between neurons or between a neuron and an effector organ
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| synarthrosis | a limited movement, nonsynovial joint
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| sychondrosis | a joint in which the material used for conecting the two components in hayline growth cartilage
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| syndesmosis | a fibrous joint in which two bony components are joined directly by a ligament, cord, or aponeurotic membrane
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| trabeculae | an irregular meshing of small, bony plates that makes up spongy bone; its spaces are filled with red marrow
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| ventral root | one of two roots that attaches a spinal nerve to the spinal cord
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