CH 3 Study Guide for Environmental Science
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| Define weather | The state of the atmosphere with respect to wind, temperature, cloudiness, moisture, pressure, ect.
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| What is the temperature of the earth’s inner core? | Between 4000-5000 degrees Celsius
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| How did the Himalaya Mountains form? | When tectonic plates collide, the crust becomes thicker and eventually forms mountains.
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| Give examples of landforms developed by wind and water erosion. | Waves from ocean storms can erode coastlines and give rise to many landforms
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| Give examples of landforms developed by wind and water erosion. | Rivers carve deep gorges into the landscape
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| Give examples of landforms developed by wind and water erosion. | Beaches and deserts
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| Where are the most geologically active regions on the surface of the Earth | Boundaries between tectonic plates
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| What produces atmospheric oxygen? | Plants
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| Where is the ozone layer? | It is located in the Stratosphere
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| What is the function of the ozone layer? | Its function is to absorb UV radiation and it reduces the amount of UV radiation that reaches the Earth
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| What is the ozone layer made up of? | It is made up of three oxygen atoms
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| Describe the Richter Scale | Measures the energy and level of an earthquake; uses a scale of (1 - 10)
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| Define magma. | Melted rock that a volcano is made from
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| Where is magma on the Earth? | Located near tectonic plate boundaries where plates are colliding or separating from one another. Most located near Pacific Ocean
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| Crust | Layer of the Earth that is the thinnest and is above the mantle
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| Mantle | layer of medium density rock between the Earth’s crust and core
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| Core | central part of the Earth below the mantle and is composed of the densest elements
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| Lithosphere | solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle.It is divided into huge pieces called tectonic plates
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| Asthenosphere | solid, plastic layer of the mantle beneath the lithosphere. Made of mantle rock that flows slowly, which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it.
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| Mesosphere | Region between the asthenosphere and the outer core.
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| Inner Core | The inner is a dense, solid inner core made of mostly iron and nickel
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| Outer core | A dense liquid layer
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| Troposphere | lowest layer of the atmosphere where temperature drops at a constant rate as altitude increases. Layer that weather conditions exist.
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| Stratosphere | layer that lies immediately above the troposphere (Greenhouse Effect)
ozone in the stratosphere absorbs the sun’s UV energy and warms the air and is the layer where almost all ozone is concentrated
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| Mesosphere | layer above stratosphere, coldest layer with temperatures measured as low as -93 degrees Celsius.
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| Thermosphere | located farthest from the surface, This is where nitrogen and oxygen absorb solar radiation, Very thin air
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| As you move up the atmosphere what happens to density, temperature and pressure? | The higher you go, the less dense it gets and pressure increases, As hot air rises-cool air then sinks.
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| convection | hot air rising, cooling, and then falling; temperature variations can result in the transfer of energy as heat
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| Radiation | energy that is transferred as electromagnetic waves, : heat from a fire
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| Conduction | transfer of energy as heat through a material; touching a hot plate
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| Why do you weigh more at sea level than at the top of the Himalayas? | atmospheric pressure decreases as you climb, which in turn decreases weight to the air around your body.
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| What is the greenhouse effect? | warming of the surface of eart, carbon dioxide, water vapor, and other gases in the air absorb and reradiate infrared radiation.
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| Why is the greenhouse effect necessary for life of Earth? | Without this,Earth would be too cold for life to exist.
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| Hydrosphere | includes all of the water on or near the surface. It includes oceans, lakes, rivers, wetlands, polar ice caps, soil, rock layers beneath the surface, and clouds.
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| geosphere | Mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth that extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust
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| Atmosphere | mixture of gases that makes up the air we breathe.
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| Lithosphere | solid, outer layer of the earth that consists of the crust and rigid upper part of the mantle
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| Where is most of the fresh water on earth located? | in icecaps and glaciers
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| Compare salinity in fresh water and ocean water | Oceans contain salts in the form of sodium chloride in a large amount, but fresh water has the least salt at all
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| Where are deep currents? | Along the ocean floor
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| What determines which way the surface currents flow in the ocean? | The wind and result from global wind patterns
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| What is the thermocline? | Layer about 300 to 700 m deep where the temperature falls rapidly in the ocean
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| What is an open system? | can exchange both matter and energy with its surroundings
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| What is a closed system? | cannot exchange matter or energy with its surroundings.
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| Which system is the earth? | Closed - matter; Open - energy
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| What is the biosphere? | Part of Earth where life exists, Located near earth’s surface because most of the sunlight is available near the surface
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| What process creates surface currents? | Global wind patterns
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| How do scientists determine what the interior of the Earth looks like? | Seismic waves
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| What is erosion? | process in which the materials of the Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away and transported form one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice or gravity.
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| Describe earthquakes | Generate when tectonic plates may separate, collide, or slip past one another.
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| Earthquakes Magnitude | measure of the energy of an earthquake. Measured by richter scale
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| How do volcanic eruptions affect the climate? | clouds of the volcanic ash and sulfer rich gases reduce the amount of sunlight that reaches the Earth’s surface, can cause a drop in temperature
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| What is the composition of the atmosphere? | Nitrogen makes up 78% of the Earth’s atmosphere. Oxygen is the second most abundant gas in the atmosphere and is produced by plants. Also contains types of tiny, solid particles or atmospheric dust.
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| What are greenhouse gases? | water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.
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| What do greenhouse gases do? | radiate heat and can damamge the ozone layer
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| Compare oceans and land in terms of heat absorption and release. | The ocean absorbs and releases heat slower than land. This acts as a temperature regulator.
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| What are tributaries? | A river that flows into larger rivers
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| Evaporation | is the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas
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| Condensation | the change of state from a gas to a liquid
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| Precipitation | any form of water that falls to the Earth’s surface form the clouds, and includes rain, snow, sleet, and hail
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| What holds the atmosphere in place? | Gravity
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| What is an aquifer? | A rock layer that stores and allows the flow of groundwater
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| What is a recharge zone? | Recharge zone is where the water is moving downward through the surface to become groundwater
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| convergent | when plates collide or hit each other (mountains)
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| Transform | when plates slip by one another (earthquakes)
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| Divergent | when plates pull apart (volcanoes)
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| Water Cycle | Evaporation -> Condensation -> Percipitation then it starts over again.
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