Environmental Microbiology and Genetic Engineering
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| Give an example of how scientists have used gene cloning to protect plants from insects | insect toxin genes from B. thuringiensis have been cloned into plants so pland produces the insecticide right on the leaves-when leaves eaten larvae are killed
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| What is BOD? | biochemical oxygen demand: rate at which microbes remove oxygen from water
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| what is the purpose of alum in water purification? | alum forms a gel that microbes and particles stick to as gel settles out and removes them
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| What have we learned from the use of DDT? | pesticides like DDT may harm animals too-need to develop and use pesticides that are quickly broken down by microbes or other means
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| What are lichens? | mutualistic colonies of algae and fungi
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| What digests the cellulose of wood in termites? | protozoa digest cellulose of wood in termites
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| what type of organism produces methane? | archaea
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| Ammonification | breakdown of proteins and nucleic acid by bacteria and fungi to release nitrogen in the form of ammonia
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| Nitrification | oxidation of ammonia to nitrate by the bacteria Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter
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| Denitrification | occurs when bacteria use nitrate anaerobically and release nitrogen gas
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| Nitrogen fixation | process of bacterial fixation of nitrogen gas into nitrate-2 bacteria that fix nitrogen--Azotobacter and Rhizobium
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| Azotobacter | free living
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| Rhizobium | grow in plant root nodules to fix nitrogen in larger quantities
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