A&P Chapter 1
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| anatomy | the science of body structures and the relationship among them
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| dissection | the careful cutting apart of body structures to study their relationship
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| physiology | the science of body functions-how the body works
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| levels of body organization | chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system, and organismal
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| Embryology | The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg.
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| Developmental biology | The complete development of an individual from fertilization to death.
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| Cell biology | Cellular structure and functions.
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| Histology | Microscopic structure of tissues.
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| Gross anatomy | Structures that can be examined without a microscope.
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| Systemic anatomy | Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory.
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| Regional anatomy | Specific regions of the body such the head or chest.
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| Surface anatomy | Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpation.
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| Radiographic anatomy | Body structures that can be visualized with x-rays.
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| Pathological anatomy | Structural changes(gross to microscopic) associated with disease.
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| Neurophysiology | Functional properties of nerve cells.
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| Endocrinology | Hormones(chemical regulators in the blood) and how they control body function.
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| Cardiovascular physiology | Functions of the heart and blood vessels.
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| Immunology | The body's defenses against disease-causing agents.
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| Respiratory physiology | Functions of the air passageways and lungs.
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| Renal physiology | Functions of the kidneys.
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| Exercise physiology | Changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
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| Pathophysiology | Functional changes associated with disease and aging.
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| chemical level | basic level, includes atoms and molecules
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| atoms | smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions(such as carbon and or hydrogen)
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| molecules | two of more atoms joined together
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| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid
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| cellular level | the basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
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| tissue level | groups of cells and materials surrounding them that work together to preform a particular function
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| tissue types | epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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| epithelial tissue | covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands
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| connective tissue | connects, supports, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissue
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| muscular tissue | contracts to make body parts move and generates heat
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| nervous tissue | carriers information from one part of the body to another through nerve impulses
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| organ level | structures that are composed of two or more different types of tissue; they have specific functions and usually have recognizable shapes
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| system level | related organ with a common function
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| organismal level | any living individual
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| Integumentary system | skin, and associated structures, such as hair, fingernails and toenails, sweat glands, and oil glands
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| Skeletal system | bones, joints, and cartilages
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| Muscular system | muscle tissue usually attached to bone
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| Nervous system | brain, spinal cord, nerves, and special sense organs
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| Endocrine system | pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thymus, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries, and testes
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| Cardiovascular system | blood, heart, and blood vessels
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| Lymphatic system | spleen, thymus, lymph, nodes, and tonsils
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| Respiratory system | lungs and air passageways such as the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchial tubes
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| Digestive system | mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anus, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
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| Urinary system | kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
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| Reproductive system | gonads(testes and ovaries), uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, epididymides, ductus deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis
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| palpation | to examine by touch; to feel
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| auscultation | examine by listening to sounds in the body
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| percussion | examination where taps on the body surface with fingertips result in an echo
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| Basic life processes | metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction
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| metabolism | all of the chemical processes that occur in the body
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| catabolism | the breakdown of complex chemical substances into smaller components
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| anabolism | the building up complex chemical substances from smaller, simpler components
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| responsiveness | the body's ability to detect and respond to changes
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| movement | motion of the whole body, individual organs, single cells, and even structures inside cells
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| growth | an increase in body size that results from an increase in the size of existing cells, an increase in the number of cells, or both
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| differentiation | development of a cell from an unspecialized to a specialized one
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| stem cell | an unspecialized cell that has the ability to divide for indefinite periods and give rise to a specialized cell
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| reproduction | the formation of new cells for tissue growth, repair, replacement, or a new individual
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| autopsy | the postmortem(after death) examination of the body and dissection of it's internal organs to confirm or determine the cause of death
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| homeostasis | the condition in which the body's internal environment remains relatively constant within physiological limits
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| intracellular fluid (ICF) | the fluid within the cells
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| extracellular fluid (ECF) | fluid outside body cells
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| interstitial fluid | the extracellular fluid the fills the narrow spaces between cells of tissue
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| feedback system | a cycle of events in which the status of a body condition is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, and reevaluated
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| stimulus | any stress that changes a controlled condition
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| receptor | a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition and sends input to a control center
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| control center | the part of the body that sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained
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| effector | a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition
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| negative feedback system | reverses a change in a controlled condition
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| positive feedback system | strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions
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| disorder | any abnormality of structure or function
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| disease | an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
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| symptoms | subjective changes in body function that are not apparent to an observer
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| signs | objective changes that can be observed and measured
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| epidemiology | the study of occurrence and transmission of diseases and disorders
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| Pharmacology | the science of the effects and uses of drugs in the treatment of disease
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| diagnosis | the science and skill of distinguishing one disorder or disease from another
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| anatomical position | the body is erect, head is level, the eyes face forward, the upper limbs are at the sides, the palms face forward, and the feet are flat on the floor
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| prone | the body is lying face down
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| supine | the body is lying face up
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| head | skull and face
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| face | front portion of the head, eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin
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| neck | supports the head and attaches it to the trunk
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| trunk | chest, abdomen, and pelvis
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| upper limb | shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, and hand
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| lower limb | buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot
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| groin | the area on the front surface of the body marked by a crease on each side, where the trunk attaches to the thighs
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| superior | towards the head, towards the upper part of the body
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| inferior | away from the head, towards the lower part of the body
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| anterior | nearer to or at the front of the body
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| posterior | nearer to or at the back of the body
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| medial | nearer to the midline
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| lateral | farther from the midline
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| intermediate | between two structures
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| ipsilateral | on the same side of the body as another structure
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| contralateral | on the opposite side of the body from another structure
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| proximal | nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk; nearer to the origination of a structure
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| distal | farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk; farther from the origination of a structure
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| superficial | towards or on the surface of the body
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| deep | away from the surface of the body
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| midline | an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal right and left sides
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| sagittal plane | a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into right and left sides
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| midsagittal plane | a vertical plane through the midline of the body that divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides
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| median plane | a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left halves, situated in the middle
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| parasagittal plane | a vertical plane that does not pass through the midline and that divides the body or organs in unequal left and right portions
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| frontal plane (coronal plane) | a plane at a right angle to the midsagittal plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions
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| transverse plane (cross-sectional or horizontal plane) | divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions
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| oblique plane | passes through the body or organ at an angle
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| cranial cavity | brain
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| vertebral cavity | spinal cord
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| meninges | three membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
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| thoracic cavity | pericardial cavity and pleural cavities
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| pericardial cavity | fluid filled space around the heart
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| pleural cavities | lungs
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| mediastinum | heart, esophagus, trachea, thymus, and several large blood vessels
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| diaphragm | dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
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| abdominopelvic cavity | abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
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| abdominal cavity | stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestines, and most of the large intestines
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| pelvic cavity | urinary bladder, portions of the large intestines, and internal organs of the reproductive system
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| viscera | the organs inside of the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
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| membrane | a thin, pliable tissue that covers, lines, partitions, or connects structures
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| serous membrane | a double-layered membrane which covers the viscera within the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen
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| parietal layer | thin epithelium that lines the walls of the cavities
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| visceral layer | thin epithelium that covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities
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| pleura | the serous membrane that covers the lungs and lines the walls of the chest and the diaphragm
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| parietal pleura | the outer layer of the serous membrane that encloses and protects the lungs; the layer that is attached to the wall of the pleural cavity
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| pericardium | serous membrane of the pericardial cavity
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| peritoneum | serous membrane of the abdominal cavity
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| visceral pericardium | serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart
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| parietal pericardium | serous membrane that lines the chest wall
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| visceral peritoneum | covers the abdominal viscera
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| parietal peritoneum | serous membrane that lines the abdominal wall
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| retroperitoneal organs | kidneys, adrenal glands, pancreas, duodenum of the small intestines, ascending and descending colons of the large intestine, and portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
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| right hypochondriac | x--
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| epigastric | -x-
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| left hypochondriac | --x
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| right lumbar | x--
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| umbilical | ---
-x-
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| left lumbar | ---
--x
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| right inguinal | ---
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x--
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| hypogastric | ---
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-x-
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| left inguinal | ---
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--x
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| right upper quadrant (RUQ) | x-
--
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| left upper quadrant (LUQ) | -x
--
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| right lower quadrant (RLQ) | --
x-
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| left lower quadrant (LLQ) | --
-x
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You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
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