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Physical Science SOL Review

Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in each of the black spaces below before clicking on it to display the answer.
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Word
Definition
show what people agree to use for comparison.  
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show the distance between two points and is measured in meters using a meter stick.  
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Mass   show
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show a measure of the pull of gravity on an object.  
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Volume   show
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Temperature   show
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show a push or pull on an object that is measured in Newtons and is a derived unit.  
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show the thing we change in an experiment.  
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The dependent variable   show
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Constants   show
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show what a scientist uses for comparison during an experiment.  
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show all matter is made of tiny particles in constant motion.  
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Matter   show
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Solids   show
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show have a definite volume but no definite shape. The molecules or atoms have more molecular activity than solids do. The molecules are further apart and are still influenced by the other molecules nearby. They are able to flow around each other.  
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Gases   show
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show a gas like mixture of charged particles. The heat energy is so great that the atoms break into subatomic particles that move about wildly.  
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Physical properties   show
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show made up of only one type of atoms that have unique chemical and physical properties.  
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show are those that describe how matter will react with other matter (i.e.,acidity, basicity, combustibility, and reactivity).  
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A compound   show
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show elements and/or compounds combined together but not bonded. They can be separated by physical means and maintain their original chemical properties.  
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show are most compounds that contain the element carbon.  
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show a measure of the amount of matter there is in a specific amount of space.  
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show a measure of the H+ ions in a solution. It is used to determine acidity, basicity, and neutrality of the solution. A pH less than 7 is acidic, pH of 7 is neutral, and pH greater than 7 is basic.  
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Acids and bases combine to form   show
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Atoms   show
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The Greek, Democritus, first proposed   show
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Dalton is known as   show
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Compounds   show
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show the electron in 1897 and predicted the existence of positively charged particles. His work showed the atom was divisible.  
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show the nucleus in 1908 and proved that the atom was mostly empty space.  
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In 1913, Bohr hypothesized that   show
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The current model is known as   show
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The proton is   show
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show what the element is. It is known as the atomic number.  
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The neutron   show
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Mass Number   show
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show Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are called isotopes.  
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show negative charge and move in energy level in the electron cloud around the nucleus. Electrons have a mass of about 1/2000 amu.  
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The electrons in the outermost level of the atom determine   show
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Atomic mass   show
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show Protons and neutrons are made up of smaller particles called quarks.  
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Periodic Table   show
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show the element symbol, atomic number, atomic mass, state of matter at room temperature, and the valence number.  
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The periodic table is organized by   show
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show called groups or families and all the elements listed have similar chemical properties. They can replace each other in reactions.  
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show called periods and have properties that change as you move from left to right. When you move from top to bottom, you add an electron level and the properties repeat again.  
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show are to the left side of the stair step line, nonmetals are to the right side of the line, and metalloids are touching the line.  
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The most active elements   show
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Compounds   show
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show Elements that share electrons equally when they form a compound form a covalent bond (usually two nonmetals).  
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show Elements that gain or lose electrons when they form a compound form an ionic bond (usually a metal and nonmetal).  
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show classified as an element, compound, or mixture.  
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In physical changes   show
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show substances lose their original chemical properties and form totally new substances.  
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The Law of Conservation of Matter says   show
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Chemical reactions are   show
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show are balanced. The law of conservation of matter requires the same numbers and types of atoms on both the reactant and produce sides.  
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Chemical reactions that require less energy in their bonds   show
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Nuclear changes   show
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Nuclear reactions have   show
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Energy   show
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show the energy of position or stored energy.  
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Kinetic energy   show
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show include heat, light, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and nuclear.  
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Sound   show
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The law of conservation of energy states that   show
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show is often the by-product of an energy transformation.  
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The kinetic theory of matter states   show
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As the heat energy increases,   show
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show is –2730 Celsius or 0 Kelvin and is when all molecular activity stops.  
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The three common temperature scales are   show
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Adding heat energy doesn’t always   show
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Conduction   show
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Convection   show
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Radiation   show
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show removing heat energy from the air inside the box.  
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show using two metals with different expansion rates and a mercury switch.  
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Heat engines convert heat energy into   show
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Sound   show
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The speed of sound depends upon   show
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Ultrasound waves   show
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show travel much slower than transverse waves.  
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Light is a   show
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show straight lines until refracted, reflected, or absorbed.  
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show As light moves from one medium to another, its speed usually changes and the light appears to bend. This is called refraction.  
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show 300,000 km/s through a vacuum.  
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As wavelength decreases,   show
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Electromagnetic radiation   show
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Force   show
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show equal in size and opposite in direction. They never change motion.  
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show not equal in size or opposite in direction. They always cause a change in motion.  
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Motion   show
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Friction   show
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There are three types of friction   show
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show the rate of change in position per unit of time. Speed = Distance / Time  
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show the combination of speed and direction.  
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show positive or negative value depending on the direction of the change in position.  
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show an object in motion (or at rest) stays in motion (or rest) until acted upon by a net force. This is also known as inertia.  
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Inertia varies   show
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Momentum   show
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Newton’s second law tells   show
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show mass x acceleration  
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show the concept of action/reaction. It states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. This explains why boats move backwards as we step off and how a rocket flies.  
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show the force of attraction between two objects, causes free-falling objects to accelerate.  
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show in the opposite direction of a moving object. When it equals the force acting on the object, terminal velocity has been reached. The object has reached its maximum speed and will not accelerate.  
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Projectile motion   show
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Circular motion is   show
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show as the transfer of energy through motion. Work is done when a force is applied to and object and the object moves in the same direction as the applied force.  
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show using a smaller force through a greater distance, trading effort for distance.  
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show the direction of the applied force, change the effort needed (mechanical advantage), change the distance which the force is applied, change the speed of the resistance movement, or a combination of these.  
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show always greater than work output. The ratio of work output to work input is called efficiency.  
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Power is   show
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Power =   show
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show the net accumulation of electric charges on an object. This accumulation is normally a result of friction or the rubbing of two objects together.  
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The discharge of these accumulated electrons   show
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show attract and like charges repel.  
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show a force around itself that influences other electric charges. This is known as an electric field.  
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show Materials that allow electrons to flow through them are called conductors.  
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show Materials that don’t allow electrons to flow through them are called insulators.  
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The electroscope   show
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show When one material has a larger number of electrons that another material, a potential difference exists. This difference is measured in units called volts.  
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Flow   show
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Battery   show
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show is the tendency for a material to resist the flow of electrons. They type of material, the length, and the diameter all effect resistance.  
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show the relationship between resistance, current, and potential difference.  
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show current X resistance  
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show A complete path that electrons can travel is called a circuit.  
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show When there is only one path for the electrons it is known as a series circuit.  
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Parallel Circuit   show
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Fuzzes and circuit breakers prevent   show
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Electrical power   show
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show a property of matter in which there is a force of attraction or repulsion between like or unlike poles.  
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show is related to magnetism.  
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show a force in the region around them that is similar to the electric filed. It is called a magnetic field.  
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Moving magnets past a wire cause   show
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Electromagnet   show
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Motors   show
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show Current flowing in only one direction is called direct current.  
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show Current that moves in back and forth is called alternating current.  
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show Two coils of wire wrapped around a soft iron core is called a transformer. When the voltage is increased, it is a step up transformer. When the voltage is decreased, it is a step down transformer.  
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