Conditional Reasoning- sufficient and necessary
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| sufficient condition | an even or circumstance whose occurrence indicates that a necessary condition must also occur
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| necessary condition | an event or circumstance whose occurrence is required in order for a sufficient condition to occur
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| if there is a sufficient condition... | there has to be a necessary condition
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| if there is a necessary condition... | doesn't mean anything
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| logical feature #1 | 1) sufficient doesn't MAKE necessary occur
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| logical feature #2 | either can occur first or can occur at same time
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| logical feature #3 | relationship doesn't have to reflect reality
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| Original to contra-positive, A -> B | not B -> not A
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| Original to contra-positive, C -> not D | D -> not C
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| contra-positive | reversed and negated, so valid
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| if | sufficient indicator
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| when | sufficient indicator
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| whenever | sufficient indicator
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| every | sufficient indicator
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| all | sufficient indicator
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| any | sufficient indicator
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| people who | sufficient indicator
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| in order to | sufficient indicator
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| then | necessary indicator
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| only | necessary indicator
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| only if | necessary indicator
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| must | necessary indicator
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| required | necessary indicator
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| unless | necessary indicator
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| except | necessary indicator
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| until | necessary indicator
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| without | necessary indicator
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| "unless, expect, until, without" | whatever is modified by "unless, expect, until, without" becomes necessary, remaining term is negated and sufficient
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| "Unless they study, they won't get an A+." | sufficient = get A+
necessary = study
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| "no, none" | modifies necessary condition
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| "No robot can think." Actually means... | All robots cannot think.
"If robot, then can't think."
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| "only way" | only modifies way
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| "The only way to achieve success is to work hard." | sufficient = achieve success
necessary = work hard
"To achieve success, the only way is to work hard."
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| "either/or" | at least one of the two, possible both
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| Multiple | contra-positive replaces "and" with "or" and vice versa
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| "To graduate from college you must be both smart and resourceful." | sufficient = graduate
necessary = smart AND resourceful
contra- sufficient = not smart OR not resourceful
contra-necessary = not graduate
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| Double arrow, "if and only if" | each term is both sufficient and necessary for the other
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| Double NOT arrow | two terms cannot occur together
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Created by:
mrshelley
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