Exam 16: Intro to Musculoskeletal System
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| The Human skeleton is composed of _____ Bones | 206
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| Functions of the musculoskeletal system include | Support, Protection, Movement, Mineral Storage, Hematopoiesis (Blood cell formation).
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| Skeletal SUPPORT | the skeleton provides the body framework that supports internal
tissues and organs.
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| Skeletal PROTECTION | the skeleton forms a firm, cage-like structure that protects many
internal organs.
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| Skeletal MOVEMENT | skeletal muscles are attached to the bone, the bone
provides leverage for movement.
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| Skeletal MINERAL STORAGE | the bones serve as a storage area for various mineral
particularly calcium and phosphorus. When the body’s intake of these minerals are low, the bones release them.
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| Skeletal HEMATOPOIESIS | blood cell formation that takes place in the bone marrow
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| Structures of the musculoskeletal system include | bones, joints, and muscles
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| Bones are classified based on | shape
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| long bones | found in extremities
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| Short bones | found in the hand
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| Flat bones | found in the skull and sternum
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| Irregular Bones | found in the vertebrae (backbone)
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| What 2 sections can the skeletal system be broken into? | The Axial Skeletal System.
The Appendicular System.
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| What 2 important function do joints perform? | 1. hold together bones to form skeleton.
2. Allow movement and flexibility of the skeleton.
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| Points of contact between bones are called | joints
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| what are the 3 types of joints? | Synarthrosis: No movement.
Amphoarthrosis: Slight movement.
Diarthrosis: Free Movement.
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| Bones and joints provide the framework for the body, but ____ are necessary for movement. | Muscles
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| What 3 vital functions do muscles perform? | 1. Motion.
2. Maintenance of posture.
3. Production of heat (Contraction assist venous blood and lymph back to the right side of the heart).
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| Describe the structure of the muscle. | It is composed of hundreds of muscle fibers. Each muscle fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue called EPIMYSIUM.
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| What are the 7 P's? | Pulselessness. Paresthesia. Paralysis. Polar temperature. Pallor. Puffiness (edema). Pain.
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| in addition to the 7 P's, it is also important to assess your Pt's ability to... | Stand, move, perform, ADLs, any weakness and problems with their gait.
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| Musculoskeletal Diagnostic Tests | X-ray. Myelogram. MRI. CT. Bone Scan. Endoscopic Exam. Aspiration. Electromyogram.
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| X-Ray | used to determine presence of fluid, joint irregularity, or fractures.
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| Myelogram | the injection of a radiopaque dye into the subarachnoid space at the lumbar spine to detect the presence of herniated disks.
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| MRI | Assists in diagnosing abnormalities of the bones, joints, and surrounding soft tissue structures. Uses magnetism and radio waves to make images of cross-sections of the body.
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| CT | body sections can be examined from many different angles using a CT scanner that produces a narrow x-ray beam to create a 3-D picture of the structure
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| Bone Scan | detects metastatic and inflammatory bone disease (osteomyelitis). This test involves the intravenous administration of nuclides 2-3 hours before the test is scheduled.
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| Endoscopic Exam | a lighted tube is used to visualize inside a body cavity; in the case of MS, arthroscopic exam allows for direct visualization of a joint. *NOTE* This is usually a surgical procedure.
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| Aspiration | done to obtain a specimen of body fluid; uses local anesthesia and sterile technique.
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| Electromyogram | a procedure that involves the insertion of needle electrodes into the skeletal muscle so that electrical activity can be recorded.
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| Lab Tests for Musculoskeletal Disorders | Calcium.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR).
Lupus Erythematosus.
Rheumatiod Factor.
Uric Acid.
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| Calcium Values | Normal: 9-10.5 mg/dl.
↑ with tumor of bone, renal failure, Vitamin D deficiency, etc.
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| Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) Values | Males: up to 15 mm/hr.
Females: up to 20 mm/hr.
Indicates presence of inflammation as seen in rheumatoid arthritis.
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| Lupus Erythematosus values | Normal: No LE seen.
Presence may mean Lupus Erythematosus 7 Rheumatoid Arthritis.
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| Rheumatoid Factor Values | <60 Units/ml.
Lupus erythematosus & rheumatoid arthritis.
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| Uric Acid Values | Normal vales: Males 2.1-8.5 mg/dl.
Females 2.0-6.6 mg/dl.
Increases with Pts with gout, Kidney Failure, Alcoholism, and Leukemia.
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