astro111NTest3
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| How do we know how old the Sun is? | From ages of solar system meteorites, based on radioactive elements
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| Which of the following models best explains why our galaxy has spiral arms? | The spiral arms are a wave of star formation caused by wave of density propagating outward through the disk of the galaxy.
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| As a solar mass protostar moves on to the main sequence, | its surface temperature increases and its luminosity decreases
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| Which of the following statements about degeneracy pressure is not true? | Degeneracy pressure varies with the temperature of the star.
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| The Sun does not generates energy primarily by nuclear fission. |
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| The remnant left behind by a white-dwarf supernova is not a neutron star. |
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| What happens to energy in the Sun's convection zone? | Energy is transported outward by the rising of hot plasma and sinking of cooler plasma
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| Which main sequence star has the lowest mass? | M.
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| From center outward, which of the following lists the "layers" of the Sun in the correct order? | Core, radiation zone, convection zone, photosphere, chromosphere, corona
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| Based on observations, which of the following statements about stars in the Milky Way is generally true? | The older the star, the lower its abundance of heavy elements.
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| A star's luminosity is the | total amount of energy that the star radiates each second
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| Which main sequence star will have the shortest lifetime? | O.
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| There is no limit to the mass with which a star can be born. True or False. | False.
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| Which element is the dead end for cores of the most massive stars? | Iron
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| On an H-R diagram, stellar radii ________. | increase diagonally from the lower left to the upper right
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| Where are most heavy elements made? | In stars and supernovae.
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| What causes the radio pulses of a pulsar? | As the neutron star spins, beams of radio radiation sweep through space. If one of the beams crosses the Earth, we observe a pulse.
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| On a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, where on the main sequence would you find stars that have the greatest mass? | upper left
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| Over time, the star-gas-star cycle leads the gas in the Milky Way to ________. | have a greater abundance of heavy elements
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| Which o the following stars are brightest at ultraviolet wavelengths? | O and B stars
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| How does the interstellar medium obscure our view of most of the galaxy? | The small mixture of dust grains in the interstellar medium absorbs visible light.
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| No visible light can escape a black hole, but things such as gamma rays, X-rays, and neutrinos can. True or False | False.
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| Marks: 1 How do we know the total mass of the Milky Way Galaxy that is contained within the Sun's orbital path? | By applying Newton's version of Kepler's third law (or the equivalent orbital velocity law) to the Sun's orbit around the center of the Galaxy
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| What type of star is our Sun? | A low-mass star
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| How is the lifetime of a star related to its mass? | More massive stars live much shorter lives than less massive stars.
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| Stars spend about 90% of their lifetime on the main sequence. True or False. | True
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| The Sun is located near the edge of our galaxy, approximately 100,000 light-years from the galactic center. True or False. | False
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| The Sun's location in the Milky Way Galaxy is ________. | in the galactic disk, roughly halfway between the center and the outer edge of the disk
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| Identify the correct sequence of life events for a high mass star. | Main sequence, red supergiant, supernova, neutron star
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| The Sun's average surface (photosphere) temperature is about ________. | 5,800 K
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| The proton-proton chain converts four hydrogen nuclei into one helium nucleus plus energy. true or false | true
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| The overall helium fusion reaction is: | three helium nuclei fuse to form one carbon nucleus.
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| Brown dwarfs, white dwarfs, and neutrons stars are all kept from collapsing by degeneracy pressure. true or false | true
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| What is the upper limit to the mass of a white dwarf? | 1.4 solar masses
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| When does a star become a main-sequence star? | when the rate of hydrogen fusion in the star's core is high enough to sustain gravitational equilibrium
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| What do we call the bright, sphere-shaped region of stars that occupies the central few thousand light-years of the Milky Way Galaxy? | the galaxy's bulge
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| What do we mean by the interstellar medium? | The gas and dust that lies in between the stars in the Milky Way galaxy
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| How does a black hole form from a massive star? | During a supernova, if a star is massive enough for its gravity to overcome neutron degeneracy pressure in the core, the core will collapse to a black hole.
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| What can we learn about a star from a life track on an H-R diagram? | what surface temperature and luminosity it will have at each stage of its life
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| What happens when a star like the sun exhausts its core hydrogen supply? | Its core contracts, but its outer layers expand and the star becomes bigger and brighter.
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| Compared to the star it evolved from, a newly formed white dwarf is | hotter and dimmer.
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| Marks: 1 If the distance between us and a star is doubled, its apparent brightness will decrease by a factor of four. true or false | true
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| Which of the following is not a method astronomers use to determine the physical conditions inside the Sun? | Observing X-ray images of the solar interior using satellites
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| Suppose you try to bring two protons close together. Because of the electromagnetic force, the two protons will | repel one another
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| What kind of pressure supports a white dwarf? | electron degeneracy pressure
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| What happens when the gravity of a massive star is able to overcome neutron degeneracy pressure? | The core contracts and becomes a black hole.
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| Carbon fusion occur in high-mass stars but not in low-mass stars because ________. | the cores of low-mass stars never get hot enough for carbon fusion
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| Compared to the star it evolved from, a red giant is | cooler and brighter.
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