Pharamacology for Nurses chapter 13 Drugs affecting the ANS
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| Central Nervous System | - made up of the brain and the spinal cord - recieves and processes information; intiates actions
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| What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System? | - consists of all the nervous tissue outside the CNS; including sensory and motor neurons
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| Sensory Neurons | -carry signals to the CNS from the sensory organs - part of the PNS
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| Motor Neurons | - part of the PNS - carry signalsfrom the CNS that control the activities of muscles and glands
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| What is the Somatic Nervous System? | - part of the PNS - controls voluntarty movements by activating skeletal muscles
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| What is the Autonomic Nervous System? | -part of the PNS - controls involuntary response by influencing organs, glands, and smooth muscle -divided into the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division -balances the two autonomic branches to maintain homeostasis
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| What makes up the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)? | - Parasympathetic division (rest and digest) - Sympathetic division (fight or flight)
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| Sympathetic Division | - part of the PNS and the ANS - activated under conditions of stress and produces a set of actions called the flight or fight response - causes the the HR and BP to increase & shunts more blood to the skeletal muscles
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| Parasympathetic Division | - rest and digest - directs maintenance activities part of the PNS and the ANS
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| What receptors make up the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? | Cholinergic Receptors
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| What receptors make up the Sympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous System? | Adrenergic Receptors
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| What are the two types of basic Adrenergic Receptors? | -Alpha and Beta -they are further divided into the subtypes: alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, and beta 2 - activation of each recpetor subtye results in a characteristic set of physiologic responses
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| What body fuctions does the Parasympathetic division effect? | 1. Constricts Pupils 2. Stimulates salivation 3. Slows heart 4. Constricts bronchioles 5. Stimulates digestion 6. Stimulates gallbladder 7. Contracts bladder 8. Stimulates sex organs
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| What body functions does the Sympathetic Division effect? | - 1. Dilates Pupils 2. Inhibits salivation 3. Accelerates heart 4. Dilates bronchioles 5. Inhibits digestion 6. Stimulates the release of glucose 7. Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine 8. Relaxes the bladder 9. Inhibits sex organs
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| Synapse | - A juncture between two neurons
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| Ganglionic Synapse | - a synapse taht occurs outside fo the CNS
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| Preganglionic Neuron | - a nerve carrying the impulse exitiong the impulse
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| Postganglionic Neuron | - a nerveon the other side of the ganglionic synapse, waiting to recieve the impulse
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| What are the two primary transmitters of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)? | -norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (Ach)
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| What neurotransmitter is usually released at all postganglionic nerves in the sympathetic nervous system? | - norepinephrine - the exception is sweat glands which produce acetylcholine
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| Natural Catecholamines | - include epinephrine (adrenalin) and dopamine
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| Alpha 1 Receptor | -Norepinephrine (adrenergic) = neurotransmitter - primary location is all sympathetic target rgans except the heart -causes the constricion of blood vessels and dilation of pupils
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| Alpha 2 Receptor | - Norepinephrine(adrenergic)+ neurtransmitter - primary location is the presynaptic adrenergic nerve terminal - reponses include the inhibition of release of norepinephrine
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| Beta 1 Receptor | -norepinephrine (adrenergic) + neurotransmitter - primary locations include the heart and kidneys -Responses include increased HR and force of contraction, and release of renin
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| Beta 2 Receptor | -Norepinephrine (adrenergic) = neurotransmitter - Locations include all sympathetic target organs except the heart - Response include inhibition of smooth muscle
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| Nicotinic Receptor | -Acetylcholine (cholinergic)= neurotransmitter - Primary locations include postganglionic neurons - Responses include stimulation of the smooth muscle and gland secretions
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| Muscarinic Receptor | -Acetylcholine (cholinergic)= neurotransmitter -primary locations: heart & other organs for the parasympathetic division only -responses: decreasing the HR & force of contraction & for the parasympathetic it stimulates smooth muscle & gland secretions
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| What is the therapeutic use for ganglionic blockers? | -muscle relaxation during surgical procedures - orginally used to treate HTN
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| Sympathomimetics | -also called adrenergic agents -stimulate the sympathetic nervous system -produce the classic symptoms of the fight-or-flight response
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| What natural or synthetic agents produce a sympathomimetic response? | - catecholamines and noncatecholamines
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| Adrenergic antagonists | - inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system - produce actions opposite those of the sympathomimetics - also called sympatholytics
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| Parasympathomimetics | -stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system - also called cholinergic agents -produce the charateristic symptoms of the rest and digest response
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| Anticholinergic |
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| How are catecholamines administered? How long is is it's duration of action? | -must be administered parenterally and have a short duration of action
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| How are noncatecholamines administered and how long is it's duration of action? | - can be taken orally and have a longer duration of action compared to catecholamines because they are not destroyed monoamine oxidase
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| Sympathomimetics can act either directly or indirectly. Describe how they act directly and list examples. | -Ones that act directly bind to and activates adrenergic receptors -examples include epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
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| What are examples of sympathomimetics that act indirectly on the receptors? | - amphetamines or cocaine
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| What are the two major divisions of the nervous system? | 1. Central nervous system (CNS) 2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
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