mr. syph 7-2 final stack
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| The old kingdom 2700-2200 BC | Age of Pyramids when early pharaohs set up central govt
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| The Middle Kingdom 2000-1800 BC | Egyptians enjoyed many achievements in literature, art and architecture
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| The New Kingdom 1600-1100 BC | Egypt's Golden Age. Egypt reached it's height of power and had peace and stability
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| Khufu | Ruled in the old kingdom (2551-2528); built great pyramid of Giza, made himself a god
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| How long did it take to build the great Pyramid of Giza | 20 years, built by Khufu
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| Ramses II | Ruled in new kingdom (1290-1224); had 100+ wives, signed a peace treaty with Hihites, (babies, battles, buildings) Built temple of Abur Simbol
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| Senusret | Ruled in Middle Kingdom 1971-1926 BC. ruled stable and unified Egypt. Built White Chapel, arts thrived under his rule, built many religious monuments (temples and shrines)
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| Hatshepsut | Ruled in New Kingdon (1473-1458 BC) First female pharaoh
promoted trade, Punt expedition, filled government with loyal advisors, temple at Dayr al-bahari
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| Valley of the Kings | 500 years (16th -11th BC) Tombs for pharaohs , opposite Thebes, opposite bank of the Nile, King Tut's tomb - undiscovered and preserved. all underground
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| Social Order | pharaohs were most important , gov't officials 2nd, priests 3rd, scribes 4th , artisans 5th and peasants were lowest
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| writing | done by scribes, respected and well paid. had to memorize 700 hieroglyphs ; done with reeds and papyrus
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| Dynasty | the line of heredity that rules a country; a family or group that ruled for several generations
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| geography | 3 main parts: mainland, peninsula, and the islands; surrounded by seas on 3 sides, many islands, not much flat land, no large rivers
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| Greek Colonies | promoted trade and farming, travel was hard, unpaved roads, isolated communities, farmers grew grapes and olives, lots of farmers, population increased - not enough room
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| democracy | all citizens share ruling power; assembly passed laws; all free men could vote;
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| Council of 500 | part of the democracy; ran daily business of government; made laws
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| Athens vs. Sparta | Sparta - isolated, didn't like outsiders, war lovers
Athens - next to sea, encouraged visitors, focus on education/war - farmers, good citizens, traders and soldiers
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| Causes of the persian war | Ionians revolted - greece helps fight war with Persia
Darius wants to conquer Greece - sent messengers that were thrown in wells. Darius sent soldiers to battle - greece helped then left. Ionia burned
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| Battle of marathon | 490 BCE - 15,000 foot soldiers and cavalry were sent across teh Aegean Sea by Darius - assembled on the plain of Marathon. Miltiades convinced the Athenians they had to fight Persians. Athenians, outnumbered, but won. Attacked Persians on 3 sides
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| Battle of Thermopylae | Leonides was Spartan King. Xerxes organized an attack; Athens(navy) and Sparta worked together. Traitor told Persians path through mountains - persians won with bottleneck
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| Battle of Salamis | 480 BCE, Athenians fled city and sailed to island - 2 weeks later Persians burned Athens. Greeks trapped Persians - Themistocles fought Persians in narrow channel near Salamis Greeks won
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| Battle of Platea | Brides were wrecked, Xerxes left Persians in Greece to train to fight Athenians; fought with Spartans; Cavelry was useless ; Persians lost; Greeks united. Last battle
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| Pericles | Inspired people of Athens to rebuild city - brought Athens to golden age - 460-429-BCE; built Parthenon; supporter of democracy; encouraged arts; protection; beautify (long walls, new buildings)
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| Philosophy | talked about world around them, nature, trading - Socrates encouraged questioning - other philosophers Plato and Aristotle
love of wisdom
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| Peloponnesian War | 431 BCE Athens and Sparta grew into much conflict. Sparta won - lasted 27 years. Macedonia grew stronger - Sparta weaker. King Philip created well-trained army. Alexender took over after Philip died. Trapped Athens.
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| Alexander the great | Spreads Greek ideas. 20 years old - tutored by Aristotle in public speaking, science and philosophy. Burned towns who resisted power. GOAL - to bring different people of different cultures together under one government. Called himself a god
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| Geography | developed on Italian peninsula - long boot shaped. 2 major mountain ranges Loft and Alps (west to east) and Apennines . High and rocky coastline. PO and Tiber river - surrounded by hills
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| Romulus and Remus | mythical founders of Rome - twin brothers saved by wolf. Fought over who would rule Romulus won and killed brother. Founder of Rome
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| Patrician | wealthy land owners
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| Plebians | mostly peasants, laborers, craftspeople and shop keepers 95% of Roman population. Couldn't be priests or gov't officials. forced to serve in the army
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| Hannibal | Carthaginian general attacked in second Punic War (218 BC) surprised Romans by marching into Rome with elephants. Returned to carthage - Carthage burned to ground
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| Punic Wars | wars fought with Carthage (city-state in North Africa)
Fought for control of Mediteranian area (264-146 BC)
First war at sea Rome won - Rome took Sicily. Second War marched to Italy, Rome won and got Spain and $$$. Carthage burned 50 years.
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| Pax Romana | Roman Peace - Mediterranean World at Peace for 200 years under Romes power. Augustus's reign a rebellion in East stopped. Britain to Red Sea.
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| Roman Buildings | colosseum - a large arena where gladiator games held
Multiple recreation buildings; sewer pipes,
circus maximus - large stadium used for Chariot Races
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| Jesus | founder of Christianity - life and teachings on which religion is based
Born 6 BCE in Bethlehem; preached in modern day Israel - based teachings on Jewish beliefs. Son of God - betrayed by follower, tied to cross and killed , resurrected on Easter
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| Fall of Rome | political stability, military, religion, medical, sociological, economic and social issues - weakening frontiers were hard to defend
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| Caesar | Supreme priest, senator, first triumvirate, council, Governor of Gaul, Dictator and General. Death ends the republic.
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| Accomplishments of Caesar | controls debt, builds libraries, reduces unemployment, revises and renames calendar, reduces taxes and imports
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| Augustus | Caesar's adopted great nephew and heir. Senator, consul creator of Pax Romana - Accomplishments: first police force and fire brigade, connected roads to major cities, created the Piaetorian Guard (for his own protection)
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| Romulus Augustulus | Last emperor of the West - 10/11 years old 476 CE. Western Empire fell
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| Hadrian | Best known for Hadrian's wall - marking the Northern limit of Roman Britain.
Rebuilt Pantheon - was gay - considered 3rd of 5 "good" emperors
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| Titus | First emperor to come into power after his father - 2nd "good' emperor.
Destroyed the temple of Jeruseleum - completed construction of the colosseum
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| Vespasian | Founder of the Flavian - military commander conquered Britain and stopped rebellion in Judia. Began building colosseum. Known for financial reforms (after Nero) 1st "good" emperor
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| Nero | 6th emperor of Rome - wanted to be an artist not ruler . Did not start fire that burned 1/3 of Rome. Did not play the fiddle while Rome burned. His army revolts and he commits suicide
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| Agrippina the Younger | Mother of Nero who poisoned Claudius so Nero would become emperor . co-ruled empire with Nero who resented her controlling behavior. Nero had her killed
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| Claudius | 4th emperor of Rome. Co-council with Caligula.
Accomplishments: ambisous builder (aqucladia), conquered Ghrace, Judia and some of Britain
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| Caligula | means little shoe/little boot. Mother Agrippima the Elder helped him into power by poisoning Tyberius. 3rd emperor of Rome, worked to make emperor have total power. crazy - senate had him killed
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| Constantine | known to Christians as Constantine the Great
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| Fertile Crescent | an arc shaped region in Southwest Asia with very rich soil
known as Mesopotamia
low plains; flat lands; little rain - Tigris and Euphrates River North of Arapian Pennisula
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| River Valley | Tigris and Euphrates river surrounded Mesopotamia.
Rivers brought waters to plains during floods - dry for most of the year since water supply wasn't controlled well.
In Southern Valley
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| Mesopotamia | geographical area between Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Northern part hilly and rainy
Souther part flat and very hot
means land between 2 rivers
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| City States | small independent country with own laws and government.
walled cities for protections
3000 BC most Sumerians lived inside city-states
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| Scribes | people who write - wrote down laws.
Sumerians were first to come up with written law system
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| Religion | effected very part of life
brought people together; constructed temples (ziggurats); believed Gods resided in temples. King was God
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| Ziggurat | religious temples and towers that kings built and maintained.
Made of mud bricks; shrines on highest tiers - temple for worship
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| Inventions | Sumerians invente the wheel
Sumerians built arches by using keystones to add strength and stability
Invented plow, chariot and irragation systems
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| Cuneiform | writing that uses wedge shaped characters based off pictographs
first used to record goods exchanged
created by Sumerians -
started with 2000 characters and reduced to 700
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| Akkadian Accomplishments | language (took over Sumerian language)
3-d art sculptures Steles
Ruled by Sargon, skilled military leader, for 156 years
First Empire
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| Hammurabi | King of Babylon - conquered the rest of Mesopotamia
Wrote code of laws 1792-1750 BC covering trade, work payment, marriage, divorce and armies
Used the code to unify empire and preserve order
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| Siege Weapons | army soldiers camped outside city and repeatedly attacked until city fell. First to use battering rams
built movable towers that rolled up to city walls
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| Assyrian Accomplishments | built palaces in honor of gods;
built first aqueducts
bas-reliefs 2D realistic sculpture
lasted 300 years
controlled from Egypt ot Persian Gulf
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| Babylonian Accomplishments | lush gardens
watering systems
skilled in astronomy and math
created first sundial - 60 min/hour and 7 days/week
modern calendar
hanging gardens and ishtar gate
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| Geography of Egypt | lots of desert; little vegetation (scrubs), rich soil in Nile valley; hot and dry; surrounded by desert. Nile flows North and brings silt
Desert was protection
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| Roman Republic | form of government which leaders are elected to represent people
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| Tribune | official of Rome elected by Plebians to represent them
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| Civic Duty | right to participate in government
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| constitution | a set of basic laws
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| veto | to refuse to approve proposals of government
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| Senate | group of 500 men elect ed to govern Rome
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| Consul | one of a chief leader in Rome
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