Glomerulonephritis, Acute RF and Chronic RF
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| Smoky haematuria, proteinuria, hypertension, some kidney impairment and some oedema | Nephritic Syndrome
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| Heavy proteinuria, hypoalbuminaemia, oedema, hyperlipidaemia | Nephrotic Syndrome
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| Nephrotic syndrome with a bland urine sediment | Minimal change GN, diabetic nephropathy or amyloid deposition
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| Renal failure occuring over a few months with active urine sediment | Rapidly progressive GN
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| The most common cause of nephritic syndrome in children. Is due to an immune-directed circulating factor that causes the glomeruli to leak. Bland urine sediment and normal glomeruli under light microscopy | Minimal Change Disease
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| Nephrotic syndrome in adults due to a circulating immune-directed permeability factor. Sclerosis occurs in some parts of some glomuerli. Treatment with prednisolone usually doesn't work | Focal Segmental Glomerulonephritis
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| The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults. It can be caused by antibodies, systemic lupus erythematosus and drugs. | Membranous Glomerulonephritis
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| One of the most common causes of GN. Can occur at the same time as pharyngitis. | IgA Glomerulonephritis
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| A nephritic syndrome that occurs after an infection with certain strains of Strep, usually in children. Proliferation with immune complex deposition. If the antigen is removed, they get better. | Post-infectious Glomerulonephritis
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| A systemic autoimmune disease that usually occurs in young women and presents with a butterfly rash. | Lupus Nephritis
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| Autoimmunity with autoantibodies to neutrophil proteins causing vasculitis in the lungs and kidneys. The neutrophils damage the basement membranes and cause severe necrosis. | ANCA-associated Glomerulonephritis
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| Autoimmunity with autoantibodies to a structural collagen in the basement membranes of the kidneys and lungs. Results in cresent formation and rapidly progressive GN with lung haemorrhage. | Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Glomerulonephritis (GOODPASTURE'S DISEASE)
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| Renal failure caused by shock and renal artery stenosis (TRIPLE WHAMMY) | Pre-renal acute renal failure
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| Renal failure caused by bladder outflow obstruction, urethral stricture, ureteric obstruction or congential PUJ obstruction | Post-renal acute renal failure
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| A tubulointerstitial, renal cause of ARF. It can be either toxic or ischaemic (from unresolved pre-renal ARF). Characterised by a bland urinary sediment and oliguria. | Acute tubular necrosis
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| A tubulointerstitial cause of renal ARF. An inflammatory reaction that is usually in response to drugs (eg. antimicrobials, NSAIDs, diuretics). Eosinophil infiltration causes renal impairment. | Acute or Chronic Interstitial Nephritis
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| A glomerular cause of renal ARF that is associated with glomerulosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. | Diabetic nephropathy
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| A complicating factor of vascular, renal ARF. | Hypertension
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| A vascular cause of renal ARF characterised by the inflammation and necrosis of blood vessels by 'rogue' immune cells | Polyarteritis
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| A vascular cause of renal ARF that is due to cholesterol release from an atheromatous plaque. There are increased inflammatory markers. | Cholesterol athero-embolism (CE)
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| Increases the tone of the afferent (lesser) and efferent (greater) arterioles. | Angiotensin II
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| Maintains normal afferent tone to prevent it from constricting fully. | Prostacyclins
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| 50% or more of kidney function | Normal creatinine
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| Less than 50% of kidney function | Elevated creatinine
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| 15% residual GFR (urea >40mmol/L) | Uraemia
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| <10% residual GFR | End-stage renal failure
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| The most common cause of chronic renal failure in Australia. | Diabetic nephropathy
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| Can be caused by ANCA glomerulonephritis, anti-glomerular basement membrane nephritis or systemic lupus erythematosus. Presents as crescenteric glomerulonephritis. | Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis
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| Most common cause of UTIs | E.Coli - gram negative bacilli
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| Factor that increases risk of calculi formation | Urease - staph, proteus, pseudomonas
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| Antibiotic used for UTIs | Trimethoprim (NEVER amoxicillin)for 3-5 days (uncomplicated) or 10-14 days (pyelonephritis)
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| Investigation for UTI in males, children or pyelonephritis | Renal tract ultrasound
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| Investigation for first time UTI in female | None
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| Treatment for recurrent UTIs | Prophylactic or intermittent antibiotics
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| Recurrent UTIs in men | Chronic prostatitis
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