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| Fasicle | Bundle of individual muscle fibers (cells)
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| Muscle Fibers | Muscle cells named for their elongated shape and multinucleated
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| Sarcolemma | Cell membrane for each muscle fiber
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| Sarcoplasm | cytoplasm inside each muscle fiber that contains mitochondria & myofibrils
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| myofibrils | bundle of overlapping thick & thin filaments
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| Actin | Thin filament (contractile protein)
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| Myosin | Thick filament (contractile protein)
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| Sarcoplasmic Reticulum | surrounds each myofibril & stores & releases Ca+ when muscle cell is stimulated to contract
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| Sarcomere | a section of each myofibril that is bordered on either side by z lines
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| Each Actin has a _____ binding site | Myosin
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| Troponin/Tropomyosin | regulatory proteins that ewnable muscle finers to start or stop contracting
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| Tropomyosin | covers myosin binding sites on the actin molecules
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| Troponin | moves tropomyosin aside & exposes myosin binding sites when Ca+ is released
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| Crossbridges | myosin heads/bridge gaps btw thin/thick filaments
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| atp attached to | myosin heads
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| Sliding filament | muscles contract because the thin/thick filaments slide past eachother
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| Crossbridge cycle | Binding of myosin to actin, powerstroke, rigor, unbinding, cocking of the myosin heads
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| All ribs articulate with... | costal cartilage
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| functions of arches of foot | shock absorbtion, different terrain
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| wormian bones (sutural bones) | found in sutures of the skull, saggital and lambdoidal
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| Endocrine | function of skin
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| Vitamin D | Hormone of the skin
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| lamellar granules | make skin water resistance
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| 5 layers of epidermis | on palms and soles of feet
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| Keritinocytes | most abundant cell in epidermis
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| merkel cells | touch receptors
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| meissner corpuscle | touch receptor in papillae
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| pacinian/lamelated corpuscle | deep pressure sensors
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| vitamin D synthesis needs | UV light
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| hydroxyapartites | crystals in bone
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| inorganic substance that makes bone hard | calcium
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| organic substance that makes bone flexible | collagen
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| shaft of bone | compact bone
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| epiphysis of bone | spongy/cancellous bone
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| perforating canal, circumferentral lamelli, interstitial lamelli | NOT part of the osteon
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| intramembraneus ossification | closing of the fontanells of babies
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| endochondral ossification | formation of bones
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| zone of primary ossification | diaphysis
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| zone of secondary ossification | epiphysis
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| Ossification completes by age | 25
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| paranasal sinuses | Frontal, Ethmoid, Maxillary, Sphenoid
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| Primary Vertebral Curves | Sacral & Thoracic
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| Secondary Vertebral curves | Cervical & Lumbar
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| Parts of the Sternum | Manubrium, body, Xiphoid process
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| Hyoid bone | No point of contact with any other bone
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| # of bones in skull | 22
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| # of facial bones | 14
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| # of cranial bones | 8
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| Sphenoid articulates with... | all other bones of the skull (keystone)
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| smallest facial bone | Lacrimal
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| foramen magnum location | occipital bone
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| petras portion of temporal bone | houses the inner ear
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| sella turcica | located in sphenoid, houses the pituitary
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| perpendicular plate & vomer | make up the nasal septum
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| crista galli & cribiform plate | located in Ethmoid
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| mandible | most moveable bone of the skull
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| Optical Foramen | located in Sphenoid
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| jugular foramen | located in the temporal bone
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| hypoglossal canal | in occiput
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| unpaired facial bones | vomer & mandible
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| proprioreceptors | stretch receptors
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| muscle spindles | measure muscle length
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| GTO | protects muscle & associated tendon from damage due to over stretch
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| joint kinesthetic receptor | located within and around joints for protection from pressure/ excess acceloration and deceloration
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| Tallus | accepts the weight of the body & transfers it to the foot
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| femur | heaviest bone
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| spinous processes | formed by 2 lamina coming together
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| Intervertebral foramen | holes for spinal nerves to exit the vertebral column
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| vertebral foramen | hole for spinal cord
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| lumbar vertebrae | largest, short stubby transv. processes
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| Thoracic vertrbrae | facets for ribs, long sharp Spinous processes
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| Cervical vertebrae | holes in T.P's, bifurcated S.P.'s
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| C7 | vertebral prominence
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| C2 | axis, dens is point of rotation
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| C1 | Atlas, no body, no pedicle, no lamina, no SP
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| Metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions in the body
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| responsiveness | ability to respond to stimuli
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| growth | ability to grow
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| differentiation | ability to specialize cells
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| negative feedback system | response is opposite of stimulus
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| positive feedback system | response enhances stimulus
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| 2 control systems of the body | nervous and endocrine
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| crural | front of leg
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| sural | back of leg
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| most common inorganic molecule | water
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| osmosis | movement of water down the concentration gradient
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| filtration | pushing the molecule thru the membrane (PASSIVE)
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| facilitated diffusion | molecule aided by a carrier molecule (PASSIVE)
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| simple diffusion | passive process molecule moves down the concentration gradient (from highest to lowest concentration)
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| Active transport | uses ATP by membrane
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| mitosis | growth and repair cell reproduction
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| meiosis | reproductive cell division
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| Supplies blood to the kidneys | Renal Artery
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| Drains blood from Sm/Lg intestines, stomach & pancreas | Superior Mesenteric Vein
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| main blood supply to the arm, commonly used to take BP | Brachial Artery
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| Supply blood to lower limbs | Common Illiac Arteries
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| Drain O2 blood from lungs to Left Atria | Pulmonary veins
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| supplies blood to stomach, liver, pancread | Celiac trunk
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| supplies blood to brain | Carotid arteries
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| supplies blood to Lg. intestines | Inferior Mesenteric artery
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| drains blood from the head | Jugular Vein
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| detours venous blood from GI organs & spleen thru liver before returning it to the heart | Hepat Portal circulation
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| drains most of the thorax, used as a bypass to the Inferior Vena Cava | Azygos System
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| part of the venous circulation of the leg - used in bypass surgury | Great Saphenous Vein
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| Carries deO2 blood from r. ventricle to the lungs | Pulmonary arteries
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| Motor neurons come from... | anterior grey horn of S.C.
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| Sympathetic neurons come from... | Lateral horn of thoracic & Lumbar S.C.
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| Parasympathetic neurons come from | brain stem (cranio) & lateral horn of sacral S.C.
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| Sympathetic chain | paravertebral ganglions
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| Parasympathetics | prevertebral ganglions
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| Active site | place on molecule where they attach to one another or something else
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| Potential Energy | stored energy
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| Activation energy | amount of energy required to stick 2 molecules together
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| kinetic energy | movement
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| radiant energy | released energy
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| most abundant chemical element in the body | Carbon
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| 96% of all elements in body | CHON - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen
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| Difference between DNA & RNA | Presence of thymine in DNA not RNA
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| phospholipid bilayer | cell membrane
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| Phospholipid tails point... | toward eachother
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| Synarthrosis | no movement in joint (suture)
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| Amphiarthrosis | some movement in a joint
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| Diarthrosis | freely moveable joint (all synovial)
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| goblet cells | line stomach, produce mucus & heparin
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| aerolar tissue | loose connective tissue
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| dense connective tissue | makes up tendons
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| Potts fracture | elderly person, at anke joint - distal tibia
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| callus | mass of repair tissue that bridges the end of a long bone
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| shattered bone | communited fracture
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| haversian canals | in osseous tissue, where nerves & blood vessels are found
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| colles fracture | occurs in forearm/ at distal radius
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| periostial blood vessels | outside of long bones
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| olfactory foramena location | ethmoid bone
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| strongest, largest vertebrae | Lumbar vertebrae
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| mental foramen location | mandible
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| vertebrae that have articular facets for ribs on transverse processes | Thoracic vertebrae
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| Where vitamin D synthisis begins | in the skin
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| 80% of all skin cancers | Basal cell carcinoma
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| Signs of skin cancer | ABCD - Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter
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| Lameli | Growth rings on cross section of bone
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| osteon/Haversian system | arangement of compact bone
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| Spongy bone does not have... | Osteons
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| Calcitonin & PTH effect | osteon activity by way of calcium regulation
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| Calcitonin | lowers blood calcium
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| PTH | raises blood calcium
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| Open reduction | setting a bone with surgury
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| Closed reduction | setting a bone with a cast or splint
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| Opening in transverse processes for vertebral artery and vein in cervical region | transverse foramena
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| C1/Atlas | no body, no spinous processes
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| C2/axis | has dens which articualtes with atlas
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| C7 | anchors nuchal ligament
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| sacrum | keystone
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| most common abnormal curve of spine | scoliosis
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| break in arm most common @ ... | surgical neck - where metaphasis was
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| rickets | childhood osteomalacia
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| Golgi tendon organ | protects against muscle/tendon tears
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| norepinephrine in brain... | responsible for wakefulness
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| Neural crest | mass of neural tissue that develops into dorsal root ganglia
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| recieves impulses for smell | medial aspect of temporal lobe of brain
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| hippocampus | located in medial temporal lobe - responsible for long term memory - part of Limbic system
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| amydgala | almond shaped group of neurons in temporal lobe responsible for memory & emotional reaction
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| Brocha's area | associated with speech
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| Transverse fissure | separates cerebrum & cerebellum & contains tentorium cerebelli
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| projection fibers | connect the brain & spinal cord
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| Alpha brain waves | rest
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| beta brain waves | normal wakefulness
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| Delta waves | deep sleep
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| theta waves | associated with stress
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| Rectus Abdominus | flexes vertebral column
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| Risorius | attaches to corners of mouth
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| Thenar eminence | contributes to oppostioi of thumb & pinki
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| preferred site for a shot | gluteus medius
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| muscle that makes the mouth pout | mentalis
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| lats and pecs | originate on axial skeleton
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| largest, strongest muscle of the body | gluteus maximus
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| Pyramidal pathway | motor pathway
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| merkels discs | located in epidermis
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| common iliac veins form | inferior vena cava
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| vertebral arteries form... | basilar artery
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| arteries off the ascending aorta | left and right coronary arteries
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| Thoracic duct | main collecting duct for lymphatic system
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| thoracic duct drains into... | left subclavian vein
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| Right lymphatic duct drains into... | right subclavian vein
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| contribut to movement of lymph | contraction of muscle & respiratory pump
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| Primary lymph organs | red bone marrow & thymus
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| secondary lymph organs | spleen, lymph nodes
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| largest mass of lymphatic tissue in body | spleen
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| spleen tissue type | red & white pulp
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| red pulp | removes RBC, WBC, stores platelets
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| white pulp | lymphatic tissue containing T's B's and macrophages
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| peyers patches | lymph nodules in ileum of sm. intestines
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| tonsils | lymphatic nodules at junction of oral cavity & pharynx
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| interferons | produced by infected body cells - diffuse to non-effected cells to "interfere" with viral replication
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| Compliment proteins | enhance allergic, inflamatory & immune reactions
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| NK cells release... | perforin
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| vasodilation & increased permiability of blood vessels | 1st stage if inflamation
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| Abcess | puss filled cavity - must be drained
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| Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC) | used in tissue transplants to determine if the body will reject the tissue
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| B lymphocytes | develope in bone marrow
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| T lymphocytes | migrate to Thymus and mature
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| Cell mediated immunity | cells attack other cells
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| Antigen mediated immunity | attacks pathogens dissolved in body fluids
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| Packed Cell transfusion | most commom blood transfusion
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| visceral serous pericardium | epicardium
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| veins that have no valves | Vena Cava & pulmonary veins
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| Coronary sinus has no... | smooth muscle (cannot vasoconstrict)
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| Type A Blood | Has B antiglutens
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| Type B blood | has A antiglutens
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| Type AB blood | has no antiglutens (universal recipient)
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| Type O blood | has both A & B antiglutens (Universal Donor)
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| conduction system of the heart | sa node, av node, av bundle, bundle branches, conduction myofibers (Perkinje)
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| ECG "P" wave | atrial depolarization
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| ECG "QRS" wave | ventricular depolarization
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| ECG "T" wave | ventricular repolarization
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| long contraction of the heart = | longer refractory peroid
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| Starlings law of the heart | cardiac muscle fibers will contract more forcefully when fibers are stretched (the more you fill it with blood the better force of contraction)
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| Conjestive Heart failure (CHF) | fluid build up in lower extremily - right side of heart death, fluid build up in lungs - left side of heart death
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| location of cardiovascular center in the brain | medulla
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| location of respiratory rate center in brain | medulla
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| ischemia | lack of blood to an area, can cause hypoxia
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| angina | chest pain, lack of blood to heart
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| infarction | death of tissue caused by blood blockage
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| necrosis | dead tissue
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| metarteriol | connects a capillary and a venule
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| anastomoses | junctions between blood vessels serving the same organ, if blood supply is cut off from one place it is rerouted.
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| muscular arteries | serve organs, have more smooth muscle for vasodilation/constriction
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| fastest flow of blood | arteries
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| slowest flow of blood | capillaries
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| blood resevoirs | veins 60% of blood at any one time
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| pressure resevoir | arteries
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| processof exchange in capillary beds | diffusion
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| capillaries | functional unit of the respiratory system
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| secondary cardiac pump | skeletal muscles
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| abdominal massage | raises arteriol pressure & lowers heartrate
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| no lymph capillaries | avascular tissue, CNS, red bone marrow & spleen
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| organs that have a hilus | lymph nodes, lungs, spleen
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| Kellog's "great lymph pump" | Diaphragm
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| 5 factors that push blood in veins back to heart | pressure, flow, valves, muscle pump, respiratory pump
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| stages of phagocytosis | chemotaxis, adhesion, ingestion, lysis, ejection
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| perforin & lymphotoxin | how T lymphocytes attack
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| Anamestic | having immunity to a disease
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| Thymus has | Hasselmans corpuscles
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| spleen | held by billroths rods
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| 4 forces on blood entering capillaries | blood osmotic pressure, blood hydrostatic pressure
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| Natural active immunity | (blank)
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| albumines | for blood colloidal osmotic pressure
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| blood colloidal osmotic pressure | attraction of water to blood
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| blood hydrostatic pressure | blood pressure
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| Starlings law of the capillaries | @ arteriol end of capillary blood colloidal osmotic pressure is higher than blood hydrostatic pressure, vice versa at the venus end
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| Starling law of capillaries 2 | interstitial fluid comes from blood plasma @ arteriol end, at venus end it returns to the blood
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| At the arteriol end of the capillary which force predominates | blood hydrostatic pressure
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| at the venous end of capillaries which force predominates | blood colloidal osmotic pressure
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| pneumothorax | air in pleural cavity
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| hemothorax | blood in pleural cavity
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| plurisy | irritation of the plural cavity by build up of extra fluid
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| septal cells (type II) | make surfactant in alveolus
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| surfactant | coat alveolus and keep them from collapsing
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| muscle of forced expiration | internal intercostals & Abs
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| ventilation is not... | diffusion
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| 75% of inhale breathing done by... | diaphragm
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| 25% of inhalation | external intercostals
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| Daltons law of partial pressure | each gas exerts a partial pressure contributing to the total pressure of the air
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| highest pp of O2 is in... | alveoli
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| highest pp of CO2 is in... | intracellular fluid
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| lowest pp O2 is in... | tissues
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| lowest pp CO2 | alveoli
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| natural active immunity | when you get the disease and create antibodies against it
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| artificial active immunity | vaccination
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| passive natural immunity | placenta & nursing
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| passive artificial immunity | antibody injection
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| villi in small intestines | increase surface area so more can be digested
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| lacteal | pick up fat and bring back to CV system via lymphatics
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| Medulla Oblongotta | Regulates heartbeat, blood vessel diameter, breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing and hiccups
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| Pons | Apneustic & Pneumotaxic areas
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| Midbrain | Moves eyeballs in response to visual stimuli, moves head and trunk in response to auditory stimuli, contains Substancia Nigra
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| Cerebellum | smooths & coordinates skilled and complex movements, controlls posture & balance, aids in cognition & language processing
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| Thalmus | relay center for sensory info to cortex
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| Hypothalmus | regulates ANS, regulates pituitary, establishes circadian rythm, sets basal metabolic rate, regulates eating and drinking, produces Oxytocin & ADH
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| Epithalmus | Pineal gland
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| pineal gland | produces melatonin
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| melatonin | needed for sleep
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| Basal ganglia | located in cerebrum, coordinate gross automatic muscle movements & regulate muscle tone
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| Limbic system | responsible for emotional aspects of behavoir related to survival
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| Cerebrum | memory, personality, sensory perception, muscular movement, intelligence
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Popular Massage Therapy sets