HS1 Exam Review
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| ankylosis | Stiffening and immobility of a joint as a result of disease, trauma, surgery, or abnormal bone fusion
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| carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) | Painful condition resulting from compression of the median nerve within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and the median nerve pass)
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| claudication | Lameness, limping
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| contracture | Fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
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| crepitation | Dry, grating sound or sensation caused by bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
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| electromyography | Use of electrical stimulation to record the strength of muscle contraction
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| exacerbation | Increase in severity of a disease or any of its symptoms
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| ganglion cyst | tumor of tendon sheath or joint capsule, commonly found in the wrist
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| hemarthrosis | Effusion of blood into a joint cavity
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| hypotonia | Loss of muscular tone or a diminished resistance to passive stretching
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| multiple myeloma | Primary malignant tumor that infiltrates the bone and red bone marrow
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| osteophyte | Bony outgrowth that occasionally develops on the vertebra and may exert pressure on the spinal cord also called bone spur.
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| phantom limb | Perceived sensation, following amputation of a limb, that the limb still exists
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| prosthesis | Replacement of a missing part by an artificial substitute, such as an artificial extremity
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| rickets | Form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency; also called rachitis
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| sequestrum | Fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
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| spondylolisthesis | Any slipping (subluxation) of a vertebra from its normal position in relationship to the one beneath it
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| spondylosis | Degeneration of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae and related tissues may cause pressure on nerve roots with subsequent pain or paresthesia in the extremities.
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| sprain | Tearing of ligament tissue that may be slight, moderate, or complete
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| strain | To exert physical force in a manner that may result in injury, usually muscular
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| subluxation | Partial or incomplete dislocation
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| talipes equinovarus | Congenital deformity of one or both feet in which the foot is pulled downward and laterally to the side; also called clubfoot
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| arthrography | Series of radiographs taken after injection of contrast material into a joint cavity, especially the knee or shoulder, to outline the contour of the joint
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| bone density tests | Radiographic procedures that use low-energy x-ray absorption to measure bone mineral density. They are used to determine if demineralization from osteoporosis has occurred.
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| computed tomography (CT) | maging technique that uses an x-ray beam and a computer to make a series of cross-sectional images of a body part, which together make up a three-dimensional view of the area scanned; formerly called computerized axial tomography (CAT)
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| discography | Radiological examination of the intervertebral disk structures by injecting a contrast medium
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| lumbosacral spinal radiography | Radiography of the five lumbar vertebrae and the fused sacral vertebrae, including anteroposterior, lateral, and oblique views of the lower spine.
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| myelography | Radiography of the spinal cord after injection of a contrast medium to identify and study spinal distortions caused by tumors, cysts, herniated intervertebral disks, or other lesions
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| scintigraphy | Nuclear medicine procedure that visualizes various tissues and organs after administration of a radionuclide.
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| bone scintigraphy | Scintigraphy procedure in which radionuclide is injected intravenously and taken up into the bone.
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| Closed reduction | Reduction procedure where fractured bones are realigned by manipulation rather than surgery.
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| Open Reduction | Reduction procedure that treats bone fractures by placing the bones in their proper position using surgery.
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| casting | Application of a solid, stiff dressing formed with plaster of Paris or other material to a body part to immobilize it during the healing process
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| splinting | Application of an orthopedic device to an injured body part for immobilization, stabilization, and protection during the healing process
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| traction | Use of weights and pulleys to align or immobilize a fracture and facilitate the healing process
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| amputation | Partial or complete removal of an extremity due to trauma or circulatory disease
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| arthrocentesis | Puncture of a joint space using a needle to remove accumulated fluid
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| arthroclasia | Surgical breaking of an ankylosed joint to provide movement
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| arthroscopy | Visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thin, flexible fiberoptic scope called an arthroscope that contains a magnifying lens, fiberoptic light, and miniature camera that projects images on a monitor
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| bone grafting | Implanting or transplanting bone tissue from another part of the body or from another person to serve as replacement for damaged or missing bone tissue
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| bursectomy | Excision of bursa (padlike sac or cavity found in connective tissue, usually in the vicinity of joints)
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| laminectomy | Excision of the posterior arch of a vertebra. Most commonly performed to relieve the symptoms of a ruptured intervertebral (slipped) disk.
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| revision surgery | Surgery repeated to correct problems of a previously unsuccessful surgery or to replace a worn out prothesis
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| Bone revision surgery | Revision surgery are often required to correct bone infection, misalignments of bones, broken prosthesis, and fractures of the bone around the prostheses.
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| sequestrectomy | Excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
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| synovectomy | Excision of a synovial membrane
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| total hip replacement | Surgical procedure to replace a hip joint damaged by a degenerative disease, commonly arthritis
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| Calcium Supplements | Treat and prevent hypocalcemia.
Names: Calcium Carbonate (Calci-Mix, Tums); Calcium Citrate (Cal-Citrate 250, Citracal)
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| Gold Salts | Treat rheumatoid arthritis by inhibiting activity within the immune system.
Names: auranofin (Ridaura); aurothioglucose (Solganal)
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| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) | Decrease Pain and suppress inflammation
Names: ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin); naproxen (Aleve, Naprosyn)
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| Salicylates | Relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation
Names: aspirin (Acuprin, Aspergum, Bayer Aspirin); magnesium salicylate (Magan, Mobidin)
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| skeletal muscle relaxants | Relieve muscle spasms and stiffness
Names: cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril); methocarbamol and aspirin (Robaxin)
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| ACL | anterior cruciate ligament
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| AE | above the elbow
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| AK | above the knee
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| BE | barium enema; below the elbow
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| BK | below the knee
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| C1, C2, and so on | first cervical vertebra, second cervical vertebra, and so on
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| Ca | calcium; cancer
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| CDH | congenital dislocation of the hip
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| CTS | carpal tunnel syndrome
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| CT | computed tomography
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| DEXA, DXA | dual energy x-ray absorptiometry
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| DJD | degenerative joint disease
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| EMG | electromyography
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| Fx | fracture
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| MG | myasthenia gravis
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| HD | hemodialysis; hip disarticul ation; hearing distance
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| HNP | herniated nucleus pulposus (herniated disk)
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| HP | hemipelvectomy
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| IS | intracostal space
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| IM | intramuscular; infectious mononucleosis
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| IV | intravenous
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| KD | knee disarticulation
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| L1, L2, and so on | first lumbar vertebra, second lumbar vertebra, and so on
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| LS | lumbosacral spine
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| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging
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| MS | musculoskeletal; multiple sclerosis; mental status; mitral stenosis
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| NSAIDs | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
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| ORTH, ortho | orthopedics
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| P | phosphorus; pulse
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| PCL | posterior cruciate ligament
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| RA | rheumatoid arthritis; right atrium
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| RF | rheumatoid factor; radio frequency
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| ROM | range of motion
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