Microbiology,Test3
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| Incineration | fastest and most destructive; good for anthrax
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| sterilization | destroys all life forms
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| boiling | 100C
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| boiling | doesnt kill spores, kills vegetative forms of bacteria, many viruses, fungi, withing about 10 min
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| autoclave | 121C
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| autoclave | 15 psi
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| autoclave | for 15-20 min, steam under pressure, nothing lives; for culture medium, instruments, dressings, liquids, syringes
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| autoclave | cant put instruments in here, rusts
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| hot air oven | 160C
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| hot air oven | oxidizes proteins, burns microorganisms, does not penetrate materials easily, requires long exposure periods
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| hot air oven | non corrosive to metal instruments, glassware
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| fractional sterilization | 100C for 30 min
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| fractional sterilization | tyndalization; intermittent sterilization
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| tyndalization | intermittent sterilization in that steam and incubator switched back and forth over 3 days; steam kills vegetation not spores, incubation gets spores to germinate, then steam again
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| hot oil | 160C
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| hot oil | doesnt rust metal, used for instruments
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| UV light | wavelengths 100/400 - 2265 nm
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| UV light | links thymine molecules together; cell DNA absorbs energy; destroys bacteria
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| microwave | larger wavelengths than UV light
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| disinfectant | destroys vegetative pathogens on inaminate objects; dont last forever, need to keep in dark bottle
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| disinfection | destroys vegetative pathogens, not endospores, to take away infection
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| antiseptic | destroy pathogens that are on living surfaces
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| degerm | remove microbes from skin by mechanical cleansing
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| sanitizing | reduction of pathogens on eating utensils and plates to safe public health levels, keeps microbial levels safe for using
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| phenol coefficient test | evaluating a disinfectant
-PC 100 means 100x better than phenol
-PC 1 means equally effective as phenol
-PC 0.5 means half as effective as phenol
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| PC test | dont want anything below a 1
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| PC power | is based on ability to kill staph aureus and salmonella typhi
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| silver nitrate | 1% solution put in baby's eyes to stop gonorrhea/chlamydia but moving towards using ERYTHROMYCIN
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| mouthwash that doesnt get foamy | has zinc chloride in it
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| mouthwash that does get foamy | has quats (quartinary ammonium compounds) in it
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| deodorant soaps contain | tricolcarbon - strongly inhibit bacterial growth
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| only chemical certified sterilizing agents | formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde
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| glutaraldehyde | less irritating, more effective
-hospital instruments, scopes
-2% solution of Cidex is TBcidal
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| ethylene oxide | EtO-NASA
-sprayed on gum wrapper
-sterilizes plastic petri dishes
-sterilizes catheters, heart valves
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| broad spectrum | tetracycline group
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| narrow spectrum | limited - bacitracin and griseofulvin
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| Penicillin | -cant give to mycoplasmids - have no cell wall
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| penicillin | interferes with cell way synthesis via beta-lactam nucleus
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| aminoglycosides | inhibit protein synthesis - disrupts ribosomes
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| aminoglycosides | products of soil microbes; streptomycin, gentamycin, spectinomycin
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| aminoglycoside side effects | kidney problems, rash and itching
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| tetracycline | block protein synthesis
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| tetracycline | broad spectrum
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| tetracycline side effect | yellow teeth; stunted growth in children
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| chloramphenicol | inhibit protein synthesis
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| chloramphenicol | drug of choice for typhoid fever
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| chloramphenicol side effects | extremely toxic, depresses bone marrow, aplastic anemia
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| erythromycin | inhibits protein synthesis; baby eyes
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| rifampin | blocks transcription; used for tb
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| bacitracin and polymyxin B | nephrotoxins which is why topical
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| bacitracin | also combined with neomycin (an aminoglycoside); narrow spectrum
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| sulfonamides | compete with PABA which is needed for cell membrane
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| PABA | vitamin Bx
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| sulfonamides | sulfones - dapsone for leprosy
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| Isoniazid | INH
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| INH | used for TB
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| Ethambutol | relative to INH, used for early stages of TB
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| Amphotericin B | drug of choice for internal fungi
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| griseofulvin | athletes foot - narrow spectrum
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| acyclovir | blocks DNA transcriptase
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| acyclovir | herpes virus, reverse transcriptase
-also called zovirax
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| azidothymidine | AZT
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| azidothymidine | retrovirus; #1 drug of AIDS, blocks reverse transcriptase
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| Cyclosporine | good for transplants!!
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| cyclosporin | blocks immune cells by blocking nonself; supresses cellular immunity without killing T lymphocytes
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| Phagocytosis | if no phagocytosis, no immune response
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| MHC | Major histcompatability complex - on phagocyte and adds the epitope or antigenic determinent
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| epitope | antigenic determinent
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| antigen presenting cell | APC - once MHC adds the epitope becomes APC and carries it to lymphatics
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| Committed T Cell | Once T helper with MHC that matches the phagocyte epitope connects to epitope becomes committed and does lethal hit
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| lethal hit | when cytotoxic T cells connect and secrete perforin to lyse the membrane
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| three types of antigen presenting cells | macrophage, dendritic cells, B lymphocytes
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| Inflammation | nonspecific - involves cytokines, C3a and C5a
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| Fever | invading microorganisms attach to receptors on phagocytic cells, stimulating cells to release Interleukin 1, tumor necrosing factor alpha and interferon alpha (cytokines)
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| specific immunity | starts in bone marrow; stem cells are precursors for all cells in the blood
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| lymphopoietic cells | can go to bursa or thymus
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| thymus processing | matures in thymus and called T cell
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| bursa processing | Bursa of Fabricius - B lymphocytes - mature in lymphatics or gut
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| Bursa of fabricius | used to be called GALT (gut associated lymphoid tissue) or Peryer's patches
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| humoral immunity | B lymphocytes make plasma and memory B cells - plasma cells make antibodies which interact with antigens and encourage phagocytosis
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| cellular/tissue immunity | t lymphocytes leave lymphoid tissue and become lymphoblasts which produce lymphokines/cytokines to engulf antigens
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| which IG is transplancental? | igG
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| which IG is primary response | igM
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| which IG is secondary response | igG
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| MHC proteins | blue print to determine self from nonself
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| MHC I | on every nucleated cell in the body
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| MHCII | on macrophage, B cells, CD4T cells
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| Complement | if dont have complement C3, process will not work!
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| C3 | cleavage of C3 into C3a and C3b
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| C3a | Inflammation
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| C3b | does opsonization and also becomes C5
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| C5 | goes to C5a to inflammation or C6-9 for cytolysis (attack complex)
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| C3a | causes inflammation - increase blood vessel permeability, chemotactic, attraction of phagocytes
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| C3b | causes opsonization - immune adherance
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| C5-9 | attack complex
-cytolysis - loss of cellular contents through transmembrane channel formed by attack complex
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| C5a | inflammation
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| whole unit vaccine | live attenuated
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| subunit vaccine | piece of virus
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| first generation vaccine | live attenuated
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| second generation vaccine | piece of virus
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| third generation vaccine | synthetic - completely made in laboratory; conjugate
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| live attenuated | active virus, but so weak it cannot replicate, weakened by continuous subculturing
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| subunit | making an antibody for the pilli so it attaches to the receptor of the virus
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| inactivated/killed vaccine | virus treated with formaldehyde, keeps capsule intact
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| adjuvant | substance which enhances the efficacy of the part of the actual parasite going to the lymphatic system (aluminum sulfate); makes the process faster
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| naturally acquired active | get sick, get antigen, make own antibodies; good for lifetime
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| naturally acquired passive | get antibodies; mother to fetus; short effectiveness for 4-6months
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| artificially acquired active | get antigen from vaccine (polio, MMR); good for months to years
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| artificially acquired passive | get antibodies because not enough time (short lasting of 4-6 weeks); give globulin antibody (Human Rabies Immune Globulin - HRIG or Tetanus immune globulin - TIG)
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| titer | highest dilution of serum antibody in which a reaction is visible (1:320)
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| neutralization | blocks viral blinding sites - coats bacterial toxins - neutralize bacteria the antitoxin hits every binding site and then cannot make you sick (ex: botulism)
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| precipitation | precipitate out dissolved antigens and then the phagocytes can eat them, comes out like a mesh gauze (lattice)
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| Immunodiffusion | ouchterlony (with the three holes in agar test and zones of identity, etc)
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| Zone of identity | precipitate up and meet eachother, one line/rainbowish
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| zone of partial identity | line between them looks like a y
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| zone of non-identity | line looks like an x
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| artificially acquired passive | not enough time (short lasting up to 6 weeks); give globulin antibody like Human Rabies Immune globulin (HRIG) or tetanus immune globulin (TIG)
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| titer | highest dilution of serum antibody in which a reaction is visible (1:320)
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| neutralization | vlocks viral binding sites, coats bacterial toxins, neutralizes bacteria and antitoxin hits every binding site and then cannot make you sick (ex: botulism)
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| precipitation | precipitate out dissolved antigens and the phagocytes can eat them, comes out like a mesh gauze (lattice)
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| immunodiffusion | ouchterlony - three holes test adding antibodies and antigens and zones
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| zone of identity | looks like one line/rainbowish
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| zone of partial identity | looks like a y
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| zone of non- identity | looks like an x
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| complement | in order to have an immune reaction you need an antigen, antibody and complement
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| complement test | tubes of antigen, antibody and complement - serum is heated until complement removed and indicator test is needed because the reaction is not visible
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| Positive complement test | clear tube - antibody matched the antigen and the complement was fixed therefore no reaction
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| negative complement test | red tube - antibody didnt match antigen and the compliment was not fixed so lyse RBCs
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| Fluorescent antibody technique | particles containing antigen to antibody react - dye causes complex to glow to illumination of UV light
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| fluorescent dye | apple green glow
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| rhodamine dye | orange red glow (syphilis - old test was the wasserman test then the VDRL test and if positive need the confirmatory test of FTA-ABS)
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| Types of FTA-ABS | -Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
-Radioallergosorbent Test (RAST)
-Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
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| Radioimmunoassay | RIA - extremely sensitive test used to detect low molecular weight antigens
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| Radioimmunoassay | used to detect haptens, hormones, antibiotics; can measure a trillionth of a gram of substance
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| Radioallergosorbent Test | RAST - to detect IgE; allergy testing
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| Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay | ELISA - screens for AIDS
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| Positive ELISA test | if positive, must confirm with Western Blot Test
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| ELISA test | also tests for other microorganisms - gonorrhea with gonazyme test
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type I | IgE mediated
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type I | Anaphylaxis (urticaria, hay fever, asthma)
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type I | 30 min or less
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 1 | 1st time come into contact with allergen, IgE coats surface of the basophils and now you are sensitized and nothing happens. Second time you are exposed, the cell bursts and releases histamines.
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| To desensitize allergen | give tiny increments of allergen to decrease the granules and decrease the number of basophils that respond
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 2 | IgG/M
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 2 | Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 2 | 5-8 or 12 hours
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 2 | 1.Combs test makes sure blood of pt and donor match so wont be destroyed
2.Hemolytic disease in newborns (Rh factor)
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| Rh | Rh+ dad, Rh- mom, makes Rh+ fetus
-1st preg child is fine but Rh+ entered moms blood and she makes antibodies
-2nd preg would be fatal unless sensitized to they antibody by giving Rhogam to destroy the Rh+ antigen so she wont create antibodies
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 3 | IgG/M
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 3 | Immune complex hypersensitivity
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 3 | 2 or 3 hours - 8 hours
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 3 | antibody is present where the antigen enters the body
-serum sickness, arthus phenomenon, lupus, rheumatic fever
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 4 | T lymphocytes
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 4 | Cellular or delayed hypersensitivity
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 4 | 1-3 days
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| Hypersensitivity Test Type 4 | like with poison ivy; takes a while to cause an effect
-induration, tissue damage, contact dermatitis/urticaria, infection
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| Bruton's Agammaglobulinemias | B lymphocyte deficiency
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| Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia | antibody deficiency; failure of B cells to develop, lymphoid tissue lacks plasma cells
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| Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia | levels of all 5 antibodies are low or absent
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| Tx Bruton's Agammaglobulinemia | give globulin
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| Di George Syndrome | T lymphocyte deficiency
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| Di George syndrome | T cells fail to develop, antibody deficiency; failure of thymus gland to mature in the embryo; huge susceptibility to fungal, protozoan and certain viral disease
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| Tx Di George syndrome | give fetal thymal tissue
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| Severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome | both B and T cells deficient; defect in both cellular and humoral immunity
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| CD3 | all T cells have these; associated with T cell receptor for antigens
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| CD4/CD8 | most mature T cells have these
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| Th1 cells | produce cytokines that drive the development of CD8 cytotoxic cells and activate macrophages
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| Th2 cells | produce cytokines that stimulate B cells to produce antibodies
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| CD4 | function as T-helper cells in SPECIFIC antibody response
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| CD8 | function as cytotoxic T cells in the CELLULAR immune process
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