Chapter 9 Endocrine System
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| acr/o | extremities
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| adren/o | adrenal glands (CF)
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| adrenal/o | adrenal glands (CF)
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| andr/o | male (CF)
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| anter/o | front, anterior (CF)
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| calc/o | calcium (CF)
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| crin/o | secrete (CF)
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| estr/o | female (CF)
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| glyc/o glycos/o gluc/o | sugar (CFs)
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| gonad/o | sex glands (CF)
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| home/o | sameness (CF)
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| kal/i | potassium (CF)
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| natr/o | sodium (CF)
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| neur/o | nerves
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| ophthalm/o | eye (CF)
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| pancreat/o | pancreas (CF)
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| parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland (CF)
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| pineal/o | pineal gland (CF)
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| pituitar/o | pituitary gland (CF)
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| poster/o | back, posterior (CF)
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| thym/o | thymus gland (CF)
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| thyr/o | thyroid gland (CF)
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| thyroid/o | thyroid gland (CF)
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| toxic/o | poison (CF)
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| -crine | to secrete (Suffix)
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| -dipsia | thirst (S)
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| -emia | blood condition (S)
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| -logist | one who studies (S)
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| -megaly | enlarged (S)
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| -osis | abnormal condition (s)
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| -pathy | disease (S)
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| -tome | instrument for cutting (S)
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| -tomy | incision, to cut into (S)
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| -prandial | relating to a meal (S)
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| -trophy | development, nourishment (S)
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| -tropin | stimulate (S)
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| dys- | poor; bad; difficult (P)
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| hyper- | above; in excess (P)
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| hypo- | below; deficient (P)
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| ex- | out from (P)
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| para- | at; beside; along side; beyond (P)
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| poly- | many (P)
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| super- | above; more than normal (P)
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| supra- | above; More than normal (P)
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| acromegaly | enlarged extremities
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| adenoma | gland tumor
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| adenohypophysis | anterior pituitary gland
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| adrenal | pertaining to adrenal glands
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| adrenomegaly | enlarged adrenal gland
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| adrenopathy | adrenal gland disease
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| adrenalectomy | removal of one or both of the adrenal glands
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| adrenalitis | inflammation of adrenal gland
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| anteroposterior | from the front towards the back
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| anterior | Front
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| hypercalcemia | excessive calcium in blood
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| hypocalcemia | low calcium in blood
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| endocrinologist | specialist in endocrine system
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| endocrinopathy | endocrine system disease
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| glucogenesis | production of glucose (glycogen conversion)
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| glycogen | stored carbohydrate
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| glycogenesis | production of glycogen
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| glucometer | instrument to measure sugar levels in blood
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| hyperglycemia | excessive sugar in blood
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| hypoglycemia | low sugar in blood
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| hyperkalemia | excessive potassium in blood
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| hyponatremia | low sodium in blood
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| neurohypophysis | posterior pituitary gland
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| exophthalmos exophthalmic | protruding eyes
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| pancreatic | pertaining to pancreas
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| pancreatitis | inflammation of the pancreas
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| pancreatolith | calculus build up in the pancreas
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| pancreatolithiasis | condition of many stones (calculi) in the pancreas
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| pancreatopathy | disease of the pancreas
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| parathyroidal | pertaining to parathyroid gland
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| parathyroidectomy | surgical removal of the parathyroid gland
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| hyperparathyroidism | state of excessive parathyroid
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| hypoparathyroidism | state of insufficient parathyroid
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| pituitary | pertaining to pituitary gland
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| hypopituitarism | state of insufficient pituitary
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| hyperpituitarism | state of excessive pituitary
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| polyphagia | excessive eating
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| posterior | behind; back
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| posteroanterior | pertaining to from back towards the front
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| posterosuperior | in back and above
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| posteroinferior | in back and below
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| posterolateral | in back and towards the side
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| thymic | pertaining to thymus gland
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| thymectomy | removal of thymus
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| thymitis | thymus inflammation
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| thymoma | thymus tumor
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| thymolysis | destruction of the thymus gland
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| thyromegaly | enlarged thyroid
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| thyropathy | disease of the thyroid
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| thyrotomy | incision of the thyroid
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| thyroidal | pertaining to thyroid gland
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| thyroidectomy | removal of thyroid gland
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| hyperthyroidism | state of excessive thyroid
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| hypothyroidism | state of insufficient thyroid
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| toxicologist | one who studies poisons in the environment and body
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| polydipsia | excessive thirst
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| hypertrophy | excessive growth
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| polyuria | condition of too much urine
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| glycosuria | sugar in the urine
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| endocrinology | branch of medicine involving diagnosis and treatment of conditions and diseases of endocrine glands
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| endocrinologist | specialist in the endocrine system
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| exophthalmos | condition in which eyeballs protrude, such as in Graves’ disease; generally caused by overproduction of thyroid hormone
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| gynecomastia | development of breast tissue in males; may be symptom of adrenal feminization
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| hirsutism | condition of having excessive amount of hair; generally used to describe females who have adult male pattern of hair growth; can be result of hormonal imbalance
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| hypersecretion | excessive hormone production by endocrine gland
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| hyposecretion | deficient hormone production by endocrine gland
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| obesity | having abnormal amount of fat in body
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| syndrome | group of symptoms and signs that give a clinical picture of disease or condition
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| Addison’s disease | results from deficiency in adrenocortical hormones; increased pigmentation of skin, generalized weakness, and weight loss
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| adrenal feminization | development of female secondary sexual characteristics (such as breasts) in male; result of increased estrogen secretion by adrenal cortex
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| adrenal virilism | development of male secondary sexual characteristics (such as deeper voice and facial hair) in female; result of increased androgen secretion by adrenal cortex
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| diabetes mellitus (DM) | chronic disorder of carbohydrate metabolism; results in hyperglycemia and glycosuria; two distinct forms of diabetes mellitus: insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) or type 1, and non–insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) or type 2
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| insulin-dependent diabetes also called type 1 diabetes mellitus (IDDM) | develops early in life when pancreas stops insulin production; patient must take daily insulin injections
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| non–insulin-dependent diabetes also called type 2 diabetes mellitus | Used to be typical that diabetes mellitus developed later in life. Pancreas produces normal to high levels of insulin but cells fail to respond to it; patients may take oral hypoglycemics to improve insulin function, may eventually have to take insulin
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| tetany | tetany nerve irritability and painful muscle cramps resulting from hypocalcemia; hypoparathyroidism is one cause
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| Recklinghausen disease | excessive production of parathyroid hormone resulting in degeneration of bones
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| acromegaly | chronic disease of adults; results in elongation and enlargement of bones of head and extremities; can also be mood changes; due to excessive amount of growth hormone in adult
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| diabetes insipidus (DI) | disorder caused by inadequate secretion of antidiuretic hormone by posterior lobe of pituitary gland; may be polyuria and polydipsia
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| dwarfism | condition of being abnormally short in height; may be result of hereditary condition or lack of growth hormone
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| gigantism | excessive development of body due to overproduction of growth hormone by pituitary gland in child or teenager
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| panhypopituitarism | deficiency in all hormones secreted by pituitary gland; often recognized because of problems with glands regulated by pituitary— adrenal cortex, thyroid, ovaries, and testes
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| cretinism | congenital condition in which lack of thyroid hormones; results in arrested physical and mental development
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| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland, usually due to lack of iodine in the diet
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| Graves’ disease | results in overactivity of thyroid gland; can cause crisis situation; symptoms include exophthalmos and goiter; type of hyperthyroidism
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| Hashimoto’s disease | chronic autoimmune form of thyroiditis; results in hyposecretion of thyroid hormones
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| myxedema | condition resulting from hyposecretion of thyroid gland in adult; symptoms can include anemia, slow speech, swollen facial features, edematous skin, drowsiness, and mental lethargy
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| thyrotoxicosis | condition resulting from marked overproduction of thyroid gland; symptoms include rapid heart action, tremors, enlarged thyroid gland, exophthalmos, and weight loss
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| adenocarcinoma | cancerous tumor in gland that is capable of producing hormones secreted by gland; one cause of hypersecretion pathologies
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| thyroid echography | ultrasound examination of thyroid that can assist in distinguishing thyroid nodule from cyst
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| thyroid scan | test in which radioactive iodine is administered that localizes in thyroid gland; gland can then be visualized with scanning device to detect pathology such as tumors
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| chemical thyroidectomy | dose of radioactive iodine is given to kill thyroid gland cells without having to actually do surgery
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| hormone replacement therapy | artificial replacement of hormones in patients with hyposecretion disorders; may be oral pills, injections, or adhesive skin patches
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| laparoscopic adrenalectomy | removal of adrenal gland through small incision in abdomen and using endoscopic instruments
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| ADH | antidiuretic hormone
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| AP | anteroposterior
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| DI | diabetes insipidus
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| DM | diabetes mellitus
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| FBS | fasting blood sugar
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| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone
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| GH | growth hormone
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| GTT | glucose tolerance test
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| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
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| LH | luteinizing hormone
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| PA | posteroanterior
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| PRL | prolactin
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| PTH | parathyroid hormone
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| T3 | triiodothyronine
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| T4 | thyroxine
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| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone
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