nervous system
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| The central nervous system (CNS)consists of | brain and spinal cord
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| The Peripheral nervous system consists of how many cranial nerves | 12
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| The PNS consists of how many spinal nerves | 31
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| Name the two catagories of cells of the nervous system | Neurons and Neuroglia
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| How many neuroglia cells are in each neuron | about 50
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| Name two functions of the nervous system | to organize information and initate appropriate responses
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| The anatomical divisions of the nervous system are | central and peripheral
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| What purpose do neurons serve | to transmit impulses
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| Name three things that support the neuroglia | Oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal, astrocytes
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| Oligodendrocytes do what | produce mylelin in the spinal cord
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| What is the purpose of microglia | to move and phagocytize pathogen and damaged tissue
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| Ependymal cells do what | line ventricles of the brain and secrete cerebrospinal fluid
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| In the neuroglia what provides structural support | astrocytes
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| Astrocytes wrap around capillaries to contrubuite to | BBB (blood brain barrier)
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| Capillaries in the CNS are less permeable because | they are supported by astrocytes
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| _____________ cells are in the peripheal nervous system | Schwann
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| The cell membrane of the Schwann cells is made mostly of | phospholipids
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| What is another name for neurofibril nodes | Nodes of Ranvier
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| Nerve transmission is sped up by | saltatory conduction
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| In the neurilemma of the Schwann cells a pathway is created to | regenerate peripheral nerves
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| This is a neuron fiber covering and is for which cells | Schwann
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| What is a function of sensory neurons | send impulses TO the CNS
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| What is another name for Afferent neurons | sensory neurons
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| These receptors are located in the skin, skeletal muscles and joints | Somatic
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| Name the two types of sensory receptors | viseral and somatic
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| Efferent neurons do what | receive inpulsed FROM the CNS
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| Somatic neurons effect which muscles | skeletal
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| What muscles are effected by viseral neurons | smooth and cardiac
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| Viseral neurons also effect ________ | glands
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| Give another name for motor neurons | efferent neurons
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| Name two structures affected by efferent neurons | muscles or glands
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| Interneurons __________ CNS neurons together | connect
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| ____________ are found only in the central nervous system | inter neurons
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| Sensory neurons are connected to motor neurons by ___________________ | inter neurons
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| These neurons make up 90% of the bodys neurons | inter neurons
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| What is another name for a cell body | soma
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| A cell body contains the nucleus and __________ | organelles
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| Dendrites do what | send impulses TOWARD the cell body
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| Which nerve fiber sends impulses away from the cell body | Axon
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| Which type of neuron has multiple dendrites | multi polar
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| When at rest a neuron is said to be | polarized
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| A polarized neuron has more _____ on the inside | K+ (potassium)
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| There is more sodium on the ________ of a polarized neuron | outside
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| A polarized neuron has a ______ charge on the inside and a ______ charge on the outside | negative, positive
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| In ______ _______ depolarization is followed by repolarization | Action potential
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| During depolarization a neuron travels down the neuron fiber in _____ direction | one
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| What channels open during repolarization allowing potassium to rush in restoring a net charge | potassium
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| During the _________ period the neuron will not send another inpulse | refractory
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| Action potential can happen hundreds of times per ________ | second
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| The neuron will/will not send another inpulse during this stage | will not
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| Where is the only place myelinated fibers can depolarize | at nodes of Ranvier
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| What is the velocity of nerve transmission in myelinated fibers | 120 meters per second
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| Name the space between the axon and dendrite | synapse
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| The terminal at the end of the presynaptic axon is called ___________ | synaptic knob
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| The synaptic knob releases neurotransmitters by __________ | extocytosis
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| Chemicals that inhibit or excite a neuron in a synapse are called__________ | neurotransmitters
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| Neurotransmitters do what to receptors on the post synaptic neuron | attach
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| Name the most common neurotransmitter | acetylcholine (ACh)
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| Name three chemicals released by neurotransmitters | serotonin, dopamine, gluamate
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| An inactivatior is an emzyme that activates/deactivates a neurotransmitter | deactivates
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| Reabsorption of a neurotransmitter back into a neuron that released it is called | re uptake
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| Reuptake occurs in how many directions | one
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| The spinal cord transmits signals between the brain and the _________ | PNS (PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM)
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| The______ ______ extends from the foramen magnum to about L1-L2 | spinal cord
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| Meninges and __________ __________ extend beyond the to the sacrum | cauda equina
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| The inner part of the spinal cord is called | gray matter
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| ________ matter is the outer part of the spinal cord | white
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| White matter consists of _________ nerve_______ | myelinated , fibers
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| There are ___ ____ per spinal nerve | two, roots
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| Afferent fibers in the dorsal root are _______ | sensory
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| Name the posterior nerve | dorsal
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| A ventral nerve is _______ | anterior
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| Efferent fibers are in the _______ root | ventral
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| Meninges are connective tissue membranes that cover the _______ and _______ _______ | brain, spinal cord
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| Name the three layers of the meninges | dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater
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| Web like strands that connect to pia mater are called | Arachnoid mater
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| Dura mater lines the cranium and ______ ______ | vertebral canal
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| ______ _______ covers and contacts the brain and spinal cord | pia mater
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| Subarachnoid space is between the ______ mater and ____________ mater | pia, arachnoid
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| Inflammation of the meninges is called | meningitis
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| Bundles of functionally related fibers in the spinal cord are called ________ or tracts | fasciculi
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| _________ fasciculi carry impulses up the spinal cord to the brain | ascending
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| Descending _______carry impulses down the spinal cord | fasciculi
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| Ascending fasciculi are always _______ impulses | sensory
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| ___________ fasciculi are always motor impulses | descending
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| The spinal nerves are named according to the vertebra _______ | below
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| The nerve between C7 and T1 called _____ | C8
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| The thoracic _____, sacral and _______ spinal nerves are named according to vertebra above | lumbar, coccygeal
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| How many spinal nerves are in the human body | 31
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| The ______ ______ supply various structures in the head and neck | cervical plexus
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| Brachial plexus supply the upper/lower extremeties | upper
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| Name the largest nerve in the body | sciatic nerve
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| Which group of spinal nerves is latin for horse tail | cauda equina
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| Spinal cord______ do not depend on the brain | reflexes
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| ________ ________ involve stimulation of a skeletal muscle | somatic reflexes
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| Reflexes are ___________ responses to a stimulus | involuntary
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| The 5 parts of a reflex arc are receptors, _____, sensory neurons, motor _____ and ______ | CNS, neurons, effectors
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| Flexor reflexes are also called _________ | withdrawl reflexes
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| What are righting reflexes used for | catching yourself from falling
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| Name two of the four major divisons of the brain | cerebrum, brain stem, diencephalon, cerebellum
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| The four cavities of the brain are ___________________ | 2 lateral ventricles, third ventricle,fourth ventricle
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| The fourth ventricle is located between the _______ and the _________ | cerebellum, mid brain
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| Ventricles of the brain contain _______________ | CSF (cerebreal spinal fluid)
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| Cerebral spinal fluid has ________________ functions | three
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| Which part of the brain removes waste products | CSF
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| Name the functions of CSF | bring nutrients to CNS, remove waste, cushion the brain
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| The brainstem includes | Midbrain, pons, medulla
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| What reflexes are in the midbrain | visual, auditory, righting
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| The _______ serves as a relay center | midbrain
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| Another name for the medulla is ____________ | medulla oblongata
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| Which part of the medulla regulates blood pressure | Vasomotor center
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| Coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and vomiting are all reflex centers of the ___________ | medulla
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| The hypothalamus is ______to thalamus and ________to pituitary gland | inferior, superior
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| Which part of the diencephalon is lateral to the 3rd ventricle | thalamus
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| Superior to the hypothalamus is the | thalamus
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| The thalamus allows __________without distraction | concentration
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| The ___________ produces hormones | hypothalamus
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| The thalamus/hypothalamus is involved in emotional responses | hypothalamus
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| The cerebral cortex is made of | white matter
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| The largest part of the brain is the ________ | cerebrum
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| The longitudeinal fissure divides the cerebrum into front and back hemispheres True/False | false
Right/Left
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| What is another name for gray matter | basal nuclei or basal ganglia
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| The frontal lobes control motor function True/False | true
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| Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and __________ are areas of the cerebum | insula
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| The ________lobe controls governs proprioception(Awareness of body parts in relation to each other) | parietal
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| Name the two types of parietal lobes | superior / lateral
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| Parietal lobes control ________sensory areas | general
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| _________ lobes control visual information | Occipital
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| Cranial nerves contain _____ pairs of __________ nerves | 12, peripheral
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| The ___________ nerve controls smell | olfactory CNI
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| CNII, the optic nerve is made up of __________ from the retina | neurons
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| Another name for the Acoustic nerve is | Vestibulocochlear
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| Hearing and balance is controlled by the _______ | CNVIII (Vestibulocochlear)
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| Vagus nerve supplies what | internal organs of the ventral cavity
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