ANTH 140- Unit 2
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| out of africa hypothesis | homo sapiens evolved in Africa and replaced all other populations
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| out of africa genetic evidence | mtDNA: africa has the greatest time depth (most variation), modern humans are homogeneous, neanderthal is separated by 400,000 years
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| out of africa skeletal evidence | 100,000-200,000 YA homo sapiens in africa and ethiopia
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| out of africa cultural evidence | upper paleolithic was characterized by significant innovation (larger skulls?)
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| multiregional hypothesis | modern humans evolved in all regions of the world simultaneously
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| multiregional skeletal evidence | traits show continuity over time
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| multiregional cultural evidence | stone tool assemblages demonstrate continuity
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| chatelperronian tools | (multiregional)-> arose from mousterian but look like upper paleolithic tools (blades 2x long as they are wide); bone and antler
*found with both neanderthals and modern humans
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| replacement with hybridization | assimilation model of out of africa and multiregional-> selection (not replacement) made people modern
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| consensus of 3 theories | modern humans were all over the old worly by 40,000-50,000 YA
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| 6 trends of upper paleolithic | higher pop densities, more social gatherings, more stylistic variability in stone artifacts, increased use of bone and antler, personal ornamentation, getting goods from great distances (trade)
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| upper paleolithic blade technology | made blades from a single core: more mass produced
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| upper paleolithic new tool types (8) | fish hooks, eyed needles, harpoons, ropes, nets, lamps, torches
composite tools
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| spearthrower | (upper paleolithic) improves power and range over throwing
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| bow and arrow | (upper paleolithic) allowed hunters to carry more projectiles
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| domesticated dog | (upper paleolithic) *tamed, not necessarily domesticated
for hunting and pets even in burials
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| art and decoration- upper paleolithic | personal ornamentation, figurines, cave art
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| big change in upper paleolithic | organizational change of the brain
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| aurignacian | (after chatelperonnian) worked bone/antler points, earliest cave art, figurines (anthropomorphic figures)
*first time bone was used
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| gravettian | (after aurignacian) known for venus figurines
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| solutrean | (after gravettian) heat treating, thin/big blades (not used- for showing), emerging specialists
*probably peopled the new world
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| magdelenian | (after solutrean) reindeer/horse/bison (tamed horses)
semi-settled lifestyle (tents/rock shelters)
*the most portable art
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| Dolni Vestonice (time period) | Gravettian
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| Dolni Vesonice housing | outdoor structures (some with roofs), outer fence, large bonfire
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| Dolni Vestonice religion | disfigured woman-> goddess?
2300 broken clay figurines
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| Dolni Vestonice tools | loom sticks
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| Dolni Vestonice burials | burial goods (mammoth scapula, lithic artifacts, fox teeth, pigment)
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| Mezhirich (time period) | Magdelenian
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| Mezhirich housing | mammoth bone structures, tool workshops, shells
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| Mezhirich tools | burned mammoth bone, anthropomorphic figurines, map, fishing tools
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| Mezhirich people hunted | mammoth
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| two types of art | portable and mural
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| portable art was more common at | larger sites (more trade)
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| Venus figurines | fertility/pornographic/made by women/sign of god?
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| symbols on art | notches between mood cycle
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| did people live where they did mural art? | no
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| mural art | carefully planned, created over 1000s of years by different people
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| mural paintings were of | animals and hands
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| Lascaux | carnivores in back of cave, prey in big areas, dots (trances?)
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| Chauvet | oldest cave art, animal remains, no drawings of humans
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| Casquer | underwater access to the cave, drawings of animals they saw (not hunted), footprints and torches found
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| Hunting Magic theory of art | drawn to insure the success of the hunt
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| Fertility theory of art | pregnant and baby animals-> to make more food
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| Art for Art's sake theory of art | social bonding/just being artistic
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| Sahul | Australia and New Guinea
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| Sunda | SE islands joined together
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| Wallace line | sharp division of animal species between Sahul and Sunda
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| Bobongara | New Guinea; groundstone waisted axes (to bring down trees), early transition to agriculture
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| Lake Mungo Region | Australia: oldest known cremation, anatomically modern humans, waves of settlement, oldowan type tools
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| How did people get to Australia? | by boat
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| ice free corridor | a space between 2 ice sheets through AK and Canada-> sites in Northern Colorado where sheets ended
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| to americas by coast | hop down the coast from russia or from australia (to south america)
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| solutrean americans hypothesis | from europe along ice flows (old sites on east coast)
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| Mystery of the First Americas (movie) | 9,000 YA male (not current native american)
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| Beringia | region of land that people may have crossed that is now the Bering Strait
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| Ice-free corridor | a space between 2 ice sheets through Alaska and Canada- early sites near Northern Colorado where sheets ended
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| Dyuktai culture | Siberian==> 18,000-12,000 YA- microblades, bifaces, blades (no connection technologically with people of North America)
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| Timing to Americas by land | 13,000 YA (ice free corridor) following animal migrations
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| Timing to Americas by sea/coast | 30,000-14,000 YA hopping down the coast from Russia or from Australia
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| Solutrean timing to Americas | from Europe along ice flows (east coast 17,000-15,000 YA)
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| Mystery of the First Americans (movie) | 9000 YA male, not related to modern Native Americans (they are a later wave of people)
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| Clovis | best known early American culture, fluted points, big game hunters
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| 3 things to look for in North America | clear evidence of humans, material in original position, associated materials dated
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| Pedra Pintata/Monte Verde | pre-Clovis in South America
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| North America Pleistocene extinctions | giant sloth, giant bever, horse, camel, mammoth, mastodon, lion, cheetah, short-faced bear
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| Europe/Asia extinctions | mammoth, woolly rhino, cave bear, lion
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| 2 theories of Pleistocene extinctions | climate change, overhunting
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| Mesolithic | transition period- prequel to agriculture; ice sheers retreated, sea levels rose, population increases, more sedentary lifestyle
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| Mesolithic (Africa) | middle stone age
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| Mesolithic (Europe | Mesolithic
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| Mesolithic (North America) | Archaic
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| Mesolithic (Near East) | Natufian
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| Mesolithic geographic changes | England became an island, Australia separated, ice melted in N America/Europe, Bering Strait flooded
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| Mesolithic tool changes | smaller, more standardized, reflects different activities/regions
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| Broad Spectrum Adaptation | (Mesolithic) locally available plants and animals that were more abundant and predictable
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| Mesolithic subsistence changes | storage (pits), smaller amounts of food at a time, more plant foods, specialized groups/technologies, mapping on to resources (planning life around them)
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| Mesolithic life in Europe | transition to forest, more coastal use, less art
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| Affluent foragers | (Mesolithic) stayed in one place almost year-round
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| Archaic life in North America | more plant foods, smaller game, cave/rock shelters
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| Chumash/Koster | sites in Archaic (Mesolithic) North America
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| Poverty Point | a series of concentric mounds in Louisiana around a central plaza (complexity)
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| Agriculture (definition) | activities that artificially increase plant food yields and includes herding of animals
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| Domestication | genetic modification from the wild form to one that is more useful to people
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| Co-evolution | people changed plants slowly until the 2 absolutely rely on one another for life
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| Primary domestication (definition) | where domestication first actually occurred
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| Secondary domestication (definition) | where domesticated things were introduced
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| Primary domestication locations | Near East, Mexico, Sub-Saharan Africa, South America, South China, Eastern US, New Guinea
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| Secondary domestication locations | SW North America, Europe
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| Society before agriculture | egalitarian, low population density, no territoriality, minimal/no storage, organized at the family/band level
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| Society after agriculture | social ranking, higher pop density, territoriality, formal storage, increased social organization
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| Neolithic (North America) | New Stone Age
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| Neolithic (definition) | when agriculture comes into use, switch to less complex grinding stones
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| Çatal Höyük | (Turkey)==> hunting/gathering with agriculture (slow switch), buried dead under houses, rectangular flat-roofed houses with doorways in the ceiling, decoration/hearths in the houses
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| Çatal Höyük religion | ¼ of all rooms excavated==> wild ox imagery/female statues
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| Çatal Höyük subsistence | barley, peas, wheat, almonds, acorns, pistachios
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| Çatal Höyük trade | caches of obsidian tools, shells, copper, crafts, textiles (substantial trade)
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| Çatal Höyük burials | contain trade and gender-specific items (under their homes)
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| Çatal Höyük age of death | 30-34 (younger than Paleolithic)==> cavities, arthritis, disease, bad nutrition
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| The Global Neolithic Pattern | large settlements, more complex, widely scattered and independent (almost none turned into cities)
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| Megaliths | tombs that indicate territory
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| Passage graves | mound over central tomb, passage into it (a type of megalith)
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| Gallery graves | upright stones capped w/ larger stone over graves (a type of megalith)
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| Cyclic consequence of agriculture | more food requires more work, storage becomes essential, heavier tools
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| Consequences of agriculture | cyclic necessity, more work, more disease, increased warfare over land
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| form/blank | Upper Paleolithic; made when making blades- can be shaped into many different tools
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| loess | wind-blown silt deposited from the melting and blowing of salt from ice sheets
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| solifluction | freezing and thawing of the ground resulting in slippage of the surface
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| red ochre | a red mineral used in pigmentation
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| Lascaux II | a museum to view reconstruction of Lascaux art
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| hands/mural art | fingers are missing in most portrayals
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| Pincevent | living floors, flint knapping (Upper Paleolithic France)
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| Abri Blanchard bone | 69 semi-circular marks (moon cycles?)
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| cultivation | clearing fields, preparing soil, protecting plants, providing water
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| oasis hypothesis | domestication began as a symbiotic relationship between humans, plants, and animals during desication of SW Asia
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| natural habitat hypothesis | earliest domesticates appeared where their ancestors lived
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| population pressure hypothesis | agriculture was a last resort
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| edge hypothesis | population pressure + where food was less abundant
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| social hypothesis | food surplus= rare stones/social alliances
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| quern | a stone grinding tool for preparing grains and other plant foods
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| fertile crescent | zone in SW asia that reflects the variety of plants and animals that can thrive there
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| Abu Hureyra | a site in the Fertile Crescent (later abandoned like most sites)
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| flotation | to find plant remains (float to the top of a solution)
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| Mehrgarh | South Asia- changed from hunter gatherer to agricultural
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| Ban-po-ts'un | China (Neolithic) kilns, spindles
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| Khok Phandom Di | rice
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| Tehucacan | maize
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| Guitarrero Cave | domestication in the high Andes
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| winding road to human man article | Europeans and Melanesians have neanderthal DNA
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| A New View of the Birth of Homo Sapiens article | some archaic genes, but Africans do have the most diverse genome
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| Refuting a Myth about Human Origins article | archaic homo sapiens may have never existed
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| Women of the Ice Age article | women brought home most calories and aided in hunting
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| Woman the Toolmaker | (alive now) women scraping hides in Ethiopia
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| Children of Prehistory | fingerpainting throughout time
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| Disease and Death at Dr. Dickson's Mounds | agriculture led to disease and earlier deaths in North America
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