Environmental Ecology- Water & Water Pollution
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| Water Sources | 1. Ground Water
2. Surface Runoff- precipation that does not infiltrate down- watershed (drainage basin)- large geographical area of drainage. 2/3 of surface runoff is lost annually to things like floods. 1/3 is available for human use- 70% goes to irr.
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| Increase Water Supplies | 1. Withdraw groundwater (aquifer)
2. Build dams & reserviors (artificial lakes)
3. Transporting of surface water for irrigation & diversions
4. Converting of salt water to freshwater through a process called desalinization
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| Desalinization | 1. High cost- passed on to consumer
2. Kills marine organisms
3. Large quants of salt- "brine"
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| Flood Plane | Flat land area that is adjacent to rivers & streams that is subject to annual flooding
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| Advantages of Flooding/Flood Plane | 1. Provide natural flood/erosion control
2. Can provide high water quality-rain
3. Serve as recharge of ground water levels/wetlands
4. Fertil soil- farming
5. Water for irrigation-crops
6. Areas that provide ease for construction
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| Disadvantages of Flood Plane | !. Causes more $ damage, property damage, & human lives annually- more than any other natural disaster combined
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| Types of Water Pollution | 1. Infectious Agens (pathogens)
2. Oxygen demanding wastes
3. Plant Nutrients
4. Organic Chemicals
5. Inorganic Chemicals
6. Sediments
7. Heavy Metals
8. Thermal Pollution
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| Infectious agents | (pathogens) bateria, viruses, parasites
Effects: disease spread- vectors
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| Oxygen Demanding Wastes | (organic waste)
Effects: Biological oxygen demand (BOD)
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| Plant Nutrients | Nitrates & Phosphats for plant growth
Effect: Eutrophication- process which you get scum (algae)
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| Organic Chemicals | From refined fossil fuels (gas, oil, pesticides, and fertilizers)
Effect: Poisoning
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| Inorganic Chemicals | Acids (<7), Bases (>7),metallic compounds
Effect: poisoning
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| Sediments | Sil, silt from erosion & runoff
Effect: disrupts egg cycles, reduces photosynthesis
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| Heavy Metals | Lead (Pb), Mercury (Hg)
Effect: Neurological damage- build up in organs- liver
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| Thermal Pollution | Heat damage from industrial plants
Effects: Kills fish, damages food chain, spread diseases
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| Stream | Flow out
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| Lakes/Reserviors | Stratified thermal layer- very littler vertical mixing & little horzontal flow/mixing
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| Groundwater Pollution | Aquifer, very little lateral flow (approx. 1ft/day)low dissolved oxygen Decades ---> centuries to clean up
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| Ocean Pollution | 80% of pollution is land based pollution most oil pollution; some industry chemicals 53% of U.S. Pop. lives on/near coasts
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| Natural Ocean Pollution | Red tide- toxic red algae blooms in gulf due o excess natural nutrients- phophrus & nitrates Oxygen depletion zones- large algae blooms- reduces photosynthesis- low dissolved oxygen
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| Man-made Ocean Pollution | Oil Pollution (1/2 land based, 1/2 crude oil spills- tankers/oil rigs 5,500)
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| VOC's | volatile (fumes) organic compunds- can kills birds (cause them to lose feathers, feathers result in insulation) Biodegrades in 3 years Refined- 10-20 years
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| Sewage Treatment | 1. Septic System- residential 2. Convential (municipal sewage treatment plants- suspended soilds & organic waste- 97% removed; toxic compunds/organic chemicals = 70% removal 3. Natural Sewage treatment- tanks, artifical marsh, aqurium tanks
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| Water Treatment Process | (drinking) have a settling basin with aeration which produces DO, solids sink to bottom or broken down. The partially decomposed then goes to a water treatment plant where they use chemicals such as chlorine.
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| 1972 | Created the Clean Water Act, beginning of EPA
1. Increased construction of sewage treatment plants & water treatment plants
2. Stream quality increased (fish/swim)
3. Reduction of topsoil loss/erosion control
4. Reduced wetlands loss
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