Microbiology
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| What are the 6 most abundant elements in microbes? | carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, phosphorus, and sulfar
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| What are the 6 most abundant types of molecules in a living bacterium? | water, proteins, RNA, carbohydrates, lipids, and DNA
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| What is the most abundant component of living bacteria? | water
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| Autotrophs | bacteria that can use carbon dioxide from the air as their carbon source
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| Heterotrophs | bacteria that require their carbon source in an organic form--sugar or amino acid
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| Fastidious organisms | bacteria that do not produce their own vitamins, usually because they can acquire them from the host
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| Auxotrophs | mutant bacteria that are incapable of synthesizing an organic molecule, such as a vitamin
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| Photoautotrophs | bacteria that derive energy from light
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| Halophiles | bacteria that have adapted to growth in high-salt conditions
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| Methanogens | bacteria that derive energy from carbon dioxide and hydrogen to produce methane gas
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| Chemoautotrophs | bacteria that derive energy from rocks or minerals rather than sunlight or organic materials
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| How are culture media produced? | agar is added to culture broth--mix is boiled to melt agar--mix poured into petri dishes where it solidifies as it cools to room temp
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| Distinguish defined dedia from complex media | defined media--complete chemical contents are known--made of known chemicals--complex media--contains some component from biological source--animal/plant--some constituent chemicals not known
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| Define selective media | allow some organisms to grow while inhibiting others
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| Define differential media | allow several kinds of organisms to grow--organisms appear differently--organisms might appear as different colors
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| How are pure bacterial cultures obtained? | streaking sample of bacteria onto pertri dish--individual bacteria fall in well-isolated positions--grown into colonies--individual colonies recovered as pure cultures
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| Name & define the technique used to work with microbial cultures | aseptic technique--handling samples so they don't become contaminated from the outside
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| How does diffusion assist a cell nutritionally? | Brownian motion--nutrient molecules constantly moving--make contact with bacterium--pass through outer layers--diffuse to bacterias cytoplasmic membrane--cell can transport them inside
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| What prevents a bacterial cell from rupturing due to internal osmotic or hydrostatic pressure? | strength of peptidoglycan layer prevents bacterial cell from rupturing due to internal osmotic/hydrostatic pressure
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| Aerobes | bacteria that grow in the pressence of oxygen
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| Facultative anaerobes | bacteria that grow with/without oxygen
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| Microaerophiles | bacteria that require reduced levels of oxygen
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| Anaerobes | bacteria that fail to grow in the presence of oxygen
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| Acidophiles | bacteria that grow in acidic environments
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| Alkalophiles | bacteria that grow in alkaline environments
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| Obligate halophiles | bacteria that can't grow without salt
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| Psychrophiles | bacteria that thrive in cold temperatures
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| Mesophiles | bacteria that thrive in warm temperatures
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| Thermophiles | bacteria that thrive in hot temperatures
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| Thermoduric bacteria | bacteria that can't grow in high temps--also not killed by high temps
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| Symbiosis | a relationship in which different organisms grow with one another
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| Synergism | relationship which total growth of 2 or more organisms is more than if they had grown independently
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| Commensalism | relationship in which one organism helps another but is unaffected itself
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| Antagonism | harmful relationship between two organisms
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| Normal flora | native microbes that an individual harbors without causing disease
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